sleep :: essays research papers

Connection between Sleep Habits and Personality Types                                                                  Researchers have examined the connection between rest propensities and stress, character and stress adapting, and character and rest propensities. One factor that has been broadly ignored is the connection between rest propensities and character types. The reason for this investigation is to look at a connection between character types and rest p ropensities. Proof additionally shows that there is a connection among character and rest. An examination led by the executive of the Sleep Assessment and Advisory Service at the University of Surrey in England, Chris Idzikowski, broadcasted that one’s rest position is identified with character. People of various character types were watched and catorgized as having one of six regular rest positions. The outcomes indicated that people who dozed in the fetal position were bashful and delicate; level on the back with arms down were calm and saved; as an afterthought with arms and legs outstretched were dubious; as an afterthought with legs outstretched and arms down were social and agreeable; level on the stomach with hands along the edge of the head were reckless and gregarious; and on the back with arms and legs outstretched were unassuming and acceptable audience members. (Idzikowski, 2003) Proof shows that there is a connection between the manner in which people adapt to pressure and their rest propensities. Dr. Avi Sadeh directed an examination on understudies between the ages of 22 and 32 years, where the rest examples of the people were checked by actigraphs and every day logs during low-stress and high-stress periods. The low-stress time frames were those of customary scholastic calendars, while the high-stress time frames were the point at which the understudies were applying to graduate schools. Finding those "who would in general spotlight on their feelings and tension during the high-stress time frame were bound to abbreviate their rest, while the individuals who would in general disregard feelings and spotlight on errands broadened their rest and shut themselves off from stress." (Sadeh, 2004) . Another examination inspected the impacts of character on rest designs under stressors. Subjects between the ages of 21-33 years were checked for three evenings by polygraph accounts of their rest. The people were broken into two separate gatherings situated in mental tests. The main gathering utilized dynamic pressure methods for dealing with stress, causing next to no adjustment in their dozing designs. The subsequent gathering utilized non-versatile methods for dealing with stress, causing their rest structures to change fundamentally in light of pressure. The investigation demonstrated that people of various characters have diverse rest designs because of the way the adapt to pressure. rest :: papers research papers Connection between Sleep Habits and Personality Types                                                                  Researchers have contemplated the connection between rest propensities and stress, character and stress adapting, and character and rest propensities. One factor that has been generally neglected is the connection between rest propensities and character types. The motivation behind this investigation is to look at a connection between character t ypes and rest propensities. Proof additionally shows that there is a connection among character and rest. An examination led by the executive of the Sleep Assessment and Advisory Service at the University of Surrey in England, Chris Idzikowski, announced that one’s rest position is identified with character. People of various character types were watched and catorgized as having one of six basic rest positions. The outcomes demonstrated that people who rested in the fetal position were timid and touchy; level on the back with arms down were peaceful and saved; as an afterthought with arms and legs outstretched were dubious; as an afterthought with legs outstretched and arms down were social and nice; level on the stomach with hands along the edge of the head were reckless and gregarious; and on the back with arms and legs outstretched were unassuming and acceptable audience members. (Idzikowski, 2003) Proof shows that there is a connection between the manner in which people adapt to pressure and their rest propensities. Dr. Avi Sadeh led an investigation on understudies between the ages of 22 and 32 years, where the rest examples of the people were observed by actigraphs and day by day logs during low-stress and high-stress periods. The low-stress time frames were those of standard scholastic calendars, while the high-stress time frames were the point at which the understudies were applying to graduate schools. Finding those "who would in general spotlight on their feelings and uneasiness during the high-stress time frame were bound to abbreviate their rest, while the individuals who would in general disregard feelings and spotlight on undertakings expanded their rest and shut themselves off from stress." (Sadeh, 2004) . Another investigation inspected the impacts of character on rest designs under stressors. Subjects between the ages of 21-33 years were observed for three evenings by polygraph accounts of their rest. The people were broken into two separate gatherings situated in mental tests. The main gathering utilized dynamic pressure ways of dealing with stress, causing almost no adjustment in their resting designs. The subsequent gathering utilized non-versatile ways of dealing with stress, causing their rest structures to change essentially in light of pressure. The examination demonstrated that people of various characters have distinctive rest designs because of the way the adapt to pressure.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asset Conservation and Recovery Act - Essay Example 2008). Wellstar produces xylophine, an upper medication. The organization had been gotten to as of late by ‘Pollution Control Agency’ and the outcomes would in general meet the state necessity. This is a decent angle corresponding to ecological protection. This perspective demonstrates a reality that the organization doesn't represent any dangers to the indigenous individuals around it. An ongoing access of the organization demonstrated that Wellstar produces 500kilograms of nickel impetus as creation resultant squanders every month. The organization has an approach of forestalling the affidavit of the impetus item into the environment yet obviously, the nickel substances end up into the dirt coming about to the murdering of vegetation in the district. Nickel doesn't immediaty affect human contamination in any case; it collects in the dirt just as sea-going plants and creatures, for example, fish. A high grouping of nickel prompts development of compound as it is exceptionally receptive with different gases in the environment. These mixes are cancer-causing and generally result to lung malignancy contamination. These thought violets Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 40CFR section 268, which gives guideline of waste removal consequently precluding the removal of risky waste ashore without earlier treatment. Over the top nickel in plants likewise influences their development along these lines prompting statured development in plant. This declines the creation level of homesteads produce just as crude materials for creation and assembling businesses. Minnesota is a main Agricultural state in the United State of America and in this manner the resultant impacts of the ecological contamination presented by Wellstar Company may thus influence neighboring states negative effects on the financial frameworks of these states. Low creation of homestead items may prompt the ascent of food costs in the market. The old Waste Management act

SWOT Analysis Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SWOT Analysis Master - Case Study Example 2005). Since long, A Company known for imagining the PC extend on this planet is APPLE COMPUTER. This organization has started a progressive assault into individualized computing with Apple II. It is profoundly certify to help individuals how to utilize PCs with its achievement of the graphical client line in Apple Macintosh. Each and every item/administration is structured in an alternate manner. Item investigation empowers us to see the various highlights of the item, how unique it is in appearance, its element, its value, its interest and different elements which are required to be considered before its creation. A basic audit of such focuses helps the executives in structuring and selling items. The Ipod mix has unmistakable highlights. It is the world's littlest music player. Ipod mix has two stunning highlights that make it a best gadget. First the tune limit is 4 minutes for every tune and 128 Kbps AAC encoding. It has an ability to spare tunes up to 500. It has an extremely little size and simpler to utilize. It significantly permits the clients to control every one of its capacities rapidly. The music library of Ipod mix can spare 1000 melodies. What's more, has an a lot of room to store different play records. Ipod Shuffle is likewise viewed as a popular adornment which is extremely well known nowadays. The voice nature of ipod mix according to artist is immense and sensational. Also it has an enormous library in 14 unique dialects. Circumstance Analysis: According to piece of the pie, Apple at present keeps up the most minute overall client base which is simply 2.5% of any working framework. The Microsoft Windows overwhelm by 92% in this race. What makes Apple select is its capacity to offer creative and trustworthy equipment alongside pattern setting and purchaser responsive programming. No other organization does as such. Incredibly this empowered Apple to cunningly blend its qualities in these zones to give new answers for clients. Market Analysis: I. The board: In request to diligently advancement of Apple Ipod and holding enough assets, during contender propelling new item, important administration is required for the preparation and improvement of workers (JWT, 2008). ii. Capital Accessibility: Calamity of income might be happen reason for substantial rivalry. At the point when contenders impulsively dispatch their item in the market, satisfactory supports must be available. iii. Selection of New Technology: In request to advance

Impact of Culture on Life Satisfaction of Students

Effect of Culture on Life Satisfaction of Students Conceptual Characterizing society by reference to profoundly arranged cultural qualities and convictions, this investigation makes three commitments to the developing field of fulfillment inquire about: first, it attempts to reveal the connection between universal understudies life fulfillment and social life fulfillment across various societies; Second, it investigates whether and to what degree a scope of social qualities fill in as significant mediators of global understudies life fulfillment; Finally, it clarifies the Life Satisfaction contrasts between worldwide understudies across five countries (India, Africa, China, United Kingdom and Turkey). A sum of 100 global understudies from the University of Northampton took part in this investigation. Investigation of the current examination depends on information from two studies. The first is the Dieners Satisfaction with Life Survey (SWL) to quantify global understudies in general fulfillment with life across countries. The second is the soci al fulfillment overview which incorporates the six determinants of social components: fulfillment when all is said in done, work, social connections, wellbeing administrations, authority administrations and open security. Utilizing both Pearson and Partial connection coefficient, factual examination demonstrated that aside from the General Satisfaction segment p esteem is more than 0.05 (p>0.05) for every one of the subsections. Likewise, theory one demonstrated that there isn't any relationship between's Life Satisfaction and Cultural Satisfaction among International Students. In this manner, invalid speculation is acknowledged. Single direction between subjects ANOVAs empowers us to halfway acknowledge speculation 2, which states there will be a distinction in CS between International Students from various nations. Measurable aftereffects of single direction ANOVAs additionally acknowledged Hypothesis 3, which states there will be a distinction in LS between International Stude nts from various nationalities too. As indicated by these outcomes, Hypothesis 2 is somewhat acknowledged on the grounds that four out of the six subsections of the CS (General and Job Satisfaction) demonstrated these distinctions. These outcomes show the significance of the social determinants of the social relationship, wellbeing, authority and open security fulfillment assume an especially unmistakable job on people Life Satisfaction. At last, in view of the Dieners SWL (Diener et al, 1984) and social life fulfillment study, the experimental outcomes show that few social qualities are in fact huge impacts on people appraisal of their life fulfillment. Presentation Mental research during the previous two decades has uncovered social contrasts over a wide scope of areas. These investigations center around a few factors, for example, what are people groups wants, needs, and needs, and which life areas are definitive in a general assessment of day to day environments? Does the nature of a general public where an individual lives assume a critical job? Accordingly most clinicians are currently definitely mindful that the route individuals in various societies think, feel, and act are, in fluctuating degrees, extraordinary. Global understudies have lately come to establish a huge extent of the overall understudy body in higher learning organizations. There are not really any nations that are unaffected by the nearness of global understudies in its establishments of higher learning, or the strain to send its very own portion understudies to concentrate abroad (Paige, 1990). Current appraisals propose that up to 1 million understudies every year concentrate in nations other than their own (Open Doors, 1996/97). One reason behind the expanding number of universal understudies is the supposition that understudies can serve both as social ministers and assets (Klineberg, 1970; Mestenhauser, 1983; Paige, 1990), and as connections between societies (Eide, 1970). It has likewise been expected that these social connections could help decrease between bunch pressure, bias, antagonistic vibe and prejudicial conduct, and to help increment global comprehension and co-activity (Amir, 1969; Baron and Bachman, 1987; Fu lbright, 1976). These suppositions, nonetheless, have not generally been upheld. On the opposite emotional well-being issues, for example, sadness, psychosomatic grumblings, uneasiness and neurotic responses (Jou and Fukada, 1997a and b; Sam and Eide, 1991; Ward, 1967; Ying and Liese, 1991) have been proposed to portray universal understudies. These are notwithstanding socio-social issues (e.g., language troubles, challenges in arranging everyday social exercises and, racial and ethnic segregation) (Furnham and Bochner, 1982; Kagan and Cohen, 1990; Ward and Kennedy, 1993) and scholarly issues, for example, disappointment (Aich, 1963; Barker et al., 1991) have been archived as describing global understudies abroad visit. Life Satisfacion (LS) has been characterized as a worldwide assessment by an amazing individual (Pavot et al., 1991, p. 150), and has been distinguished as a key part of personal satisfaction and Subjective Well Being (SWB) (Mannel and Dupuis 1996). SWB is a method of characterizing a decent life, and is frequently alluded to as joy. Individuals who experience copious SWB have numerous joys and not many agonies, and they feel happy with their lives (Diener, 2000). Fulfillment likewise alludes to the intellectual/judgemental parts of SWB (Neto, 1995). Diener and his associates (1999) contended that, SWB and joy, has both a full of feeling (i.e., passionate) and a psychological (i.e., critical) part. The full of feeling part comprises of how every now and again an individual reports encountering positive and negative impacts. Likewise, past research (Diener et al., 1999) has discovered undergrads believe bliss and LS to be critical, and there is proof that expanded LS impacts upon scho lastic execution in understudies (Rode et al., 2005). Research has demonstrated that expanded LS and bliss might be identified with objective movement (Emmons, 1986), close social connections (Myers, 2000), and being associated with stream exercises (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997). Additionally, Veenhoven (1991) utilizes the meaning of LS as how much an individual adjudicators the general nature of his life all in all well. (1991: 10). This thought underlines fulfillment with ones life, infers happiness with or acknowledgment of ones life conditions, or the satisfaction of ones needs and requirements for ones life all in all. Moreover, the need fulfillment model (Maslow, 1970; McClelland, 1961) and the overflow (Diener, 1984;Wilensky, 1960) speculations give helpful structures to conceptualize the procedures that underlie satisfaction in an actual existence area. The fundamental reason of the need fulfillment model is that individuals have essential needs they try to satisfy in every life space. People infer fulfillment in a specific life space when occasions and experience identified with that area satisfy their requirements. Along these lines, this model implies that individuals who are effective in fulfilling their requirements are probably going to appreciate more prominent SWB than the individuals who are less fruitful. For instance, an individual reports high fulfillment of her wellbeing life area dependent on positive encounters concerning wellbeing related exercises, for example, a sound eating routine, customary exercise and regard for clinical necessities. Besides, the overflow hypotheses of per sonal satisfaction are seen as having two expansive sorts; base up and top-down speculations. Right off the bat, base up speculations expect that LS is a synopsis assessment of parts of ones life. For instance, one is happy with life since one has great social connections, enough cash, weight leveled out, and a fascinating activity (Choi et al., 2007; George and Landerman, 1984; Larsen, 1978). Besides, top-down speculations accept that LS is because of character impacts. For instance, a psychotic individual is increasingly disappointed when all is said in done with their activity, social connections, weight, and salary specifically ( Shepard, 1974; Kremer and Harpaz, 1982). Despite the fact that there might be some understanding about the significant characteristics of easy street, with contemplations like wellbeing and effective connections, every individual doles out various qualities to these variables (Diener et al., 1985). Every individual has their own qualities, rules, and reason for assessment. Besides, extensive research exertion has been dedicated to the investigation of grown-ups view of the nature of their lives, including LS decisions. LS look into is bolstered by the assortment of measures suitable for grown-ups, for example, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985; Pavot and Diener, 1993), Quality of Life Inventory (Frisch et al., 1992), Life Satisfaction Index (Neugarten et al., 1961), and the Salamon-Conte LS in the Elderly Scale (Salamon and Conte, 1984). A few examinations have been done with respect to LS and the consequences of these investigations accentuate that LS is identified with various components. A lot of mental research has investigated the wellsprings of people groups LS. Because of variety in the qualities of the included examples, for example, age, sexual orientation or culture addresses which are usually found in surveys just as included pointers, various components have been seen as related with LS. Campbell (1981) demonstrates that there are at any rate 12 spaces associated with adding to LS. These are wellbeing, funds, family relations, paid business, companionships, lodging, living accomplice, recreational movement, religion, confidence, transportation, and training (Campbell, 1981). Explicit social and social factors likewise have been found to assume a significant job in deciding LS and satisfaction (Triandis, 2000). LS is utilized worldwide in look into including grown-ups, youngsters, understudies, more establ ished individuals and so forth. (Baiyewu and Jegede 1992; Hilleras et al. 2001b,Neugarten et al. 1961; Vitterso et al. 2002; Wood et al. 1969) and should be a helpful result variable in various nations. Social setting is a significant component that impacts an indi

Jane Friedman Offers Writers Valuable Advice

Jane Friedman Offers Writers Valuable Advice Its undeniable that writing and the publishing industry have vastly changed over the last 20 years. Publishing and media solutions UK group Ribbonfish poignantly wrote on their website: The publishing industry is no longer restricted to ink and paper; digital technology has a vital role to play in the industrys current and future activities. Publishing companies are now just as likely to be producing, marketing and selling digital forms of fiction and non-fiction, as they are to be printing hard copies of books and magazines.E-readers and digital copies of books (plus the constant availability of the phone in our pockets) have led to a generation of readers who are able to carry their books on the go without a giant tote bag to store them. While its a positive thing overall that more people have access to literature and writing than ever before, this can make for a complicated landscape for writers and publishers to navigate through.Not since the invention of the printing press has t here been more of a revolution in the publishing industry. Today, writers and publishers are not only expected to produce their work in a traditional book format, but also for several different types of electronic formats such as EPUB, AZW (the Amazon format), PDF, ODF, and MOBI. Writers and publishers also have the task of marketing the book on social media and getting and keeping the attention of the reader, who now has millions of reading choices available to them at the touch of their fingertips.Seeing the fast-paced changes in the publishing industry, Jane Friedmanâ€"writer, author and publisher strategist, and co-founder of The Hot Sheet (the essential industry newsletter for authors)â€"decided that there was a need for someone to help authors and publishers make smarter business decisions in this new publishing world. She has dedicated her website, JaneFriedman.com, to advertising her services for querying, book proposals, author website critiques, and more.Lets take a look a t what JaneFriedman.com offers for authors and publishers and take a dive into her blog on insights and tips for the industry.What services does JaneFriedman.com offer?Jane Friedman offers a wide range of publishing and digital media strategy services for authors and publishers who are at every stage in their career. All of the work is directly done by Jane herselfâ€"she makes it a point to let her potential clients know that she doesnt subcontract or use assistants to do this work (with the exception of administrative tasks that dont directly involve clients)Query letter and synopsis critiquesA query letter is a formal letter that is sent (typically unsolicited) to magazine editors or literary agents to propose a writing idea. They are written in a very specific format to capture the attention of the person you are writing to in order to sell them on your idea.Jane Friedman offers critiques on both the query letter as well as synopses that authors write. Jane writes on her website, If youre preparing queries or synopses for an agent or publisher, I can edit and evaluate your materials and suggest improvements to increase your chances of a response. I cant guarantee youll get representation or a publishing deal, but I can offer you insight into potential challenges or stumbling blocks in your efforts to get published.The goal is to have a finalized query and synopsis of your book that is appropriate to send out to an agent or publisher.Here is how the typical process will go:Jane will typically rewrite or revisit a clients query or synopsis.She will not write for you, as she cant write in your particular style, but she will make sure that the query is a collaborative effort in order to capture the best qualities of your book.She will correct grammar, style, mechanics, and spelling if it is necessary.She will apply the necessary formatting that is consistent with book publishing standards.Jane can also provide insight and advice on any legal issues raised by yo ur project.Nonfiction book proposal critiquesNonfiction book proposals are a completely different ballpark than querying fiction. In order to help you prepare your proposal, Jane Friedman offers nonfiction book proposal critiques that are backed up by her extensive experience working in nonfiction as an editor as well as preparing nonfiction book proposals for her own work. In many cases, authors with little experience with or exposure to book proposals will have missed some of the necessary sections, or they havent addressed important issues such as competing titles, target market, or the marketing plan.Here is how the typical process will go:Once you have written a proposal, Jane will take a look at it and propose either a phone consultation or a book proposal edit and consult.A phone consultation will be one hour on the phone or via Skype to discuss the book proposal. This is frequently recommended if there is a lot of work to do on the proposal. Jane will recommend next steps du ring the consultation.A book proposal edit and consultation will consist of a thorough review and edit of the proposal as well as a follow-up Skype call to discuss the changes that were made.If you havent written a book proposal yet, Jane also offers an online course on book proposals that will allow writers to ask questions about putting one together on your own.Author website and blog critiquesAuthors are expected to not only write well, but also constantly be marketing their product on their website or their blog. If your website needs some work, Jane can assist you in cleaning it up or ensuring that it adheres to best practices such as search engine optimization or mobile device optimization.Here is what you can expect if you hire Jane for author website or blog critique services:First, you will be asked to complete a worksheet to help her understand the history of your website, how you manage it, and what you want to get out of the website in the future.After having time to rea d and review the website, Jane will schedule an appointment to discuss your questions and concerns.She will give you a detailed report on your website that will help you improve it based on strategic goals, prioritize your time and make the best use of what you currently have, and help you build a plan for the next stage of your website.Additionally, she will help you understand the influence of SEO on your site and help you understand your sites Google Analytics.Jane also provides blogging critiques, which includes an overview of blogging strategy, a critique of your social media accounts, how to improve the effectiveness of your online writing, and what it will take to generate more traffic.Nonfiction book concept reviewIf you are thinking about entering into the world of nonfiction and you want to test the waters with a book concept, you can send the proposal over to Jane Friedman for a safe place to review and get feedback without too high of stakes. Sometimes you may have a gre at idea but arent exactly sure if there is a market or how you can make the book appeal to the masses. The service is fairly affordable (only $200) and will help an author get their feet wet on a new idea.Before you begin writing your proposal, you can send me your concept for review and advice, and Ill offer written feedback via email. This can potentially save you time and frustrationâ€"so that you dont develop a book proposal for a concept thats not likely to be viable or salable.Jane FriedmanOn the nonfiction book concept review, you can expect the following:You will start by filling out a form that asks you to categorize your nonfiction book (memoir/life story, narrative nonfiction, collection of essays, prescriptive, or business). The form will also ask you to write a description of your book, talk about your background as a writer or an author, whether or not you have pitched the idea before, and what you are hoping to learn from the experience of working with Jane on this co llaborative concept.By the end of the collaborative exchange, the idea is that you will have concrete next steps or a directionâ€"and sometimes that direction is to abandon the project.Whats on Jane Friedmans blog?In addition to all of the services Jane offers on her website, she also includes a blog where she shares tips and tricks for the author and publishing community. She shares tips on strategic marketing (such as her recent post on an introverts guide to launching a book), tips on crafting stories (like her post on flashbacks in fiction), as well as tips for productivity (see her post on staying sane while publishing).The posts are regular and they offer so much insight into the ever-changing publishing industry for those in every stage of their careers.

Mind over Matter Dealing with Test Anxiety

â€Å"I’m just not a good test taker.† If you come in contact with school-age students, you may have heard this lament. There are many factors that contribute to success on tests. Typically, one of the largest factors is a student’s consistency in completing everyday tasks like homework. If the student is not completing his homework, you can expect that he will struggle with tests. In contrast, some students have high test grades and poor homework grades. More commonly, though, students do well on classwork and homework but receive average or poor test scores. In some cases, this is due to what is known as â€Å"test anxiety.† According to Moshe Zeidner in his book Test Anxiety: The State of the Art (Plenum, New York, 1998), test anxiety is â€Å"a combination of physiological over-arousal, tension and somatic symptoms, along with worry, dread, fear of failure, and catastrophizing, that occur before or during test situations.† As you can imagine from this description, test anxiety affects a student’s ability to focus on the task at hand: the test. At A+, we provide ACT and SAT test preparation tutoring to hundreds of students every year, and many of our students share with us that they suffer from test anxiety in some form. Although every student is different and experiences this type of anxiety in different ways, we have found several effective techniques for dealing with test anxiety. Here are some that our students have found to be the most helpful when facing a standardized test: Familiarization: Of all the techniques, the most helpful one is familiarizing oneself with the test. Students preparing for a big exam such as the SAT or ACT have the advantage of being able to work through multiple â€Å"retired† tests that the test makers have administered in the past. By becoming familiar with the format, directions, question types, guessing strategy, and timing of the test, students can reduce many of the â€Å"unknowns† on the exam, which goes a long way toward reducing anxiety. Visualization: This technique consists of imagining a relaxing place or situation for a number of minutes before the test. After getting into a calmer mindset, students can then approach the test without overwhelming feelings of worry. Writing Down Your Feelings: This technique simply consists of arriving to the test center a few minutes early, taking out a blank sheet of paper, and writing down feelings. This technique has been proven in a research study at the University of Chicago to significantly decrease test anxiety. â€Å"The writing exercise allowed students to unload their anxieties before taking the test and accordingly freed up brainpower needed to complete the test successfully — brainpower that is normally occupied by worries about the test,† said Sian Beilock, an associate professor in psychology at the University. Mindfulness: Some research has shown a correlation between mindfulness and improved grades. Mindfulness resembles meditation in that participants practice pausing, reflecting, and refocusing on the present. Students practicing mindfulness develop a recognition and acceptance of themselves and their surroundings. In turn, this allows students to focus on the present task and remember skills required to overcome present challenges. Practicing mindfulness allows for recall of academic concepts and reduction of stress during tests. If you have questions about test preparation or would like more information about dealing with test anxiety, call A+ at 215.886.9188 or email us at office@aplustutoring.com.

Nursing Theories Of A Nursing Theory - 939 Words

This paper explains what a nursing theory is and what a nursing theory is composed of. To further explain nursing theories, Virginia Henderson’s nursing theory is explained in further detail. This paper tells of how Virginia Henderson got started and how her theory came about. In addition, the fourteen main points of her theory will be defined, as well as how they can be applied to real-world nursing. Keywords: nursing theory, Virginia Henderson, Need Theory By definition, a nursing theory is â€Å"a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts† (Mutha, 2012). To be considered a nursing theory, there must be four components, which include the patient, the environment, health, and nursing. The environmental factors need to be included to ensure the patient and the living environment is comfortable. The health component of a nursing theory is concerning the health of the patient, which should be included in every theory. Additionally, nursing needs to be a part of every nursing theory to show the role that nurses play. Lastly, and the most important of the four, and the main focus of nursing and nursing theories, is the patient. One nursing theory that has been around for ages is Virginia Henderson’s nursing theory, which is more co mmonly known as the Need Theory. Henderson began herShow MoreRelatedNursing Theories And Theories Of Nursing3078 Words   |  13 Pages Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Group Five Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Colorado Colorado Springs NURS 3040: Foundations of Nursing Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Theory, what is a theory? According to Blais Hayes, (2011) â€Å"A theory is a supposition or idea that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. Theories differ in their scope and have been categorized in different ways. One of those categorizations schemes divide them into categories accordingRead MoreNursing Theories Of The Nursing Theory1398 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories provide a foundation for nurses to professionally base their judgment of care. Florence Nightingale was one of the first nursing theorists. Theories composed by Nightingale were comprised of practice-based theories and environmental theories. Nightingale’s environmental theory is composed of 13 cannons which are fundamental to her theory. Nightingale’s theories continue to be used by present day nurses and nursing students. Theories are incorporated into nursing students’ educationRead MoreThe Nursing Theory Of Nursing2275 Words   |  10 PagesAn important role and function of nursing is to provide competent and individual centered care. Striving to provide this level of care has lead to the development of several nursing theories focused on care. Nursing theorist Kristen Swanson developed a middle ranged caring theory, which is broad and easily applied in nursing practice. Swanson’s definition of caring is, â€Å"a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility† (SwansonRead MoreNursing Theory : Transcultural Nursing Theories1168 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing Theory: Transcultural Nursing Theory Raymonde Alphonse Miami Dade College Nursing Theory: Transcultural Nursing Theory General Perspective to the Nurse, the Patient, the Environment, Health, Illness, and Wellness Transcultural nursing theory by Madeleine Leininger has general perspectives to the nurse, patient, environment, health, illness, and wellness. According to the caregivers, transcultural nursing theory by Madeleine Leininger is one of the most effective philosophies onRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Nursing Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesMcEwin and Ellis, theory in nursing â€Å"offers structure and organization to nursing knowledge and provides a systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict nursing practice† (McEwen Wills, 2014, p. 25). Theories in nursing are what distinguish it from other professions and help to create professional boundaries (McEwen Wills, 2014)Click and drag to move. When theories are applied in the nursing process, there are various concepts from the respective theory that are introducedRead MoreNursing Theory : Application Of Nursing Theories4442 Words   |  18 PagesRunning head: NURSING THEORIES 1 APPLICATION OF NURSING THEORIES 2 Application of Nursing Theories Beatrice Mitchell MSN6003 ? Professional Nursing Practice Framework, Scope, and Role Unit 4 ? Assignment 1 8/7/16 Rhonda Hendricks Capella University Application of Nursing Theories Florence Nightingale and four nursing theorists are listed and analyzed in the taxonomy table in part I. A comprehensive summary of the nursing theories and a reflection on how each theory relates to theRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory812 Words   |  4 PagesTheory is the backbone to nursing as it gives nurses a framework and an idea of what they do and, most importantly, why they do it. Nursing theory means many different things to people and to only give credit to one definition would not be fair. Therefore, the definition of theory alone is, â€Å"the doctrine or principles underlying an art as distinguished from the practice of that particular art† (Theory, n.d). This definition is particularly useful because nursing is an art as well as a scienceRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory1417 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Theory There are many ideas about theory in nursing. The definition of nursing theory is a group of concepts that can be tested, changed or used to guide research (McEwen Willis, 2014). This writer was exposed to theory in under-graduate classes and understands the importance of theory to her nursing practice. This paper will review the importance of nursing theory. It will also focus on Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory. Importance of Theory Many nurse theorists haveRead MoreNursing Theory1516 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Theory DeepaK USF NR 501 Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Nursing Theories In nursing there are theories that determine how the profession is going to be handled. Scholars and other practitioners of medicines have proved these theories. In our case we will be looking how these theories are applicable in the entire world of nursing medicine. What are nursing theories? Nursing theories are theories that describeRead MoreNursing Theories684 Words   |  3 PagesA grand theory in nursing would be Doretha Orem’s self care theory. This theory encompasses the entire concept of nursing in the fact that it states individuals will strive to meet healthcare needs to maintain health and wellness. This is very broad, can not be tested and is used in a variety of settings and populations. Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is that all patients want to care for themselves, and they are able to recover more quickly and holistically by performing their own self-care

Paul Bruno - ThoughtCo

My First Week Volunteering For The Quality Department

Entry Five This is my third week volunteering in the Quality Department, today is January 29, 2015. I came in at 6:00 a.m. this morning. The office outside of Jennifer’s where I am currently set up is very busy! Five people share this office. This office is very open and it is a little difficult for me to concentrate when everyone is here. Although the highlighting of the last TB test in red has helped immensely, this is still foreign information to me so I really need to concentrate. I am trying to redeem myself from the mistake I made with the Active physicians letters that unfortunately a majority of them had to be redone. I was a little naive to think I was going to complete this project for Jennifer in the first few weeks of my volunteer time. I completed half of the Courtesy staff physicians last week and I completed the other half today. Jennifer did receive some exciting news today! The Quality Department will be gaining a new part time employee. Technically not a part time employee, Britney a nurse from RCC (Recovery Care Center) will be devoting every Wednesday to helping out the Quality Department. Britney will be helping the Quality Department enter incident reports into EDGE (Every Day Giving Excellence). In July 2014 the local hospital aligned with USPI (United Surgical Partners International) to jointly acquire majority ownership of the center. With that merger came the adoption of many new requirements placed on the Dunes Surgical Hospital.Show MoreRelatedThe Day Walking Into Bangkhram Hospital924 Words   |  4 PagesThe first day walking into Bangkhram hospital, I was unsure what to expect. A rural hospital located in central Thailand, millions of questions ran through my mind: Will the patients be receptive of me? Is this truly the career path I would like to take? These questions ceased as I met patients suffering from chronic mental illnesses, watched newborns receive breathing treatments in the emergency department and a woman who received a pap smear after 22 years of avoiding it. By the end of my timeRead MoreEssay about Personal Experience1640 Words   |  7 Pagesof a great program and class at college. Most of us who are going to become teachers know about this clas s and the required 80 hours of volunteering at a middle school for a semester. I was eager to volunteer, because I have experience in working with middle school kids. The school I work for, has prepared me to handle school aged kids, so I was relying on my background to carry me though the semester at a new Middle school. The privileges of a private school are a lot differentRead MoreMy Trip At Penn State931 Words   |  4 PagesAbout a year ago, in an effort to make that summer the best one of our lives, my sister and I decided to embark on a road trip from Miami to Tallahassee. Not only was it an opportunity to visit my cousin who lives there, but also it was going to be a fun trip for my sister and I—a chance for us to bond. I had just left my final semester at Penn State a few weeks prior and regretting my decision not to take a year off before attending college, I decided to take this time to make up for it. I’veRead MoreI Am Applying For The Mayo Clinic1622 Words   |  7 PagesSummer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) because of my intrinsic motivation to serve people through the healthcare field, which developed from a very early age. The motivation developed because I had an opportunity to see the miracles research and medicine could do first hand back in Pakistan, as my father was an ENT surgeon. Research wise, classes like Psychobiology and Molecular and Cellular Biology have consistently increased my interest in neurobiology and immunology, and equipped me withRead MoreBeing An Outsider : A Field Of Medicine964 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions of questions in my mind: Will the patients be receptive of me being an outsider? Is this truly the career path I would like to take? These hesitations stopped as I interacted with patients suffering from chronic mental illnesses, watched newborns receive breathing treatments in the emergency department and witnessed a woman as s he received a pap smear for the first time in 22 years. By the end of my time in Thailand, these experinces allowed meto confirmed my interest in clinical medicineRead MoreThe Heroin Epidemic Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesVolunteering and participating in service projects are two of the most rewarding activities in my opinion. Some people may find it was a hassle or only do it because they have to meet the minimum requirement for school or work. Helping others, for me, has always been somewhat second nature to me. Over many years of volunteering I believe I have developed qualities that will stick with me for life and benefit me in my career. As early as freshman year, in high school, I found myself looking for waysRead MoreBenners theory and usefulness Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagescoaching function, Diagnostic client monitoring function, Effective management of rapidly changing situations, Administering and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimes, Monitoring and ensu ring quality of health care practice, Organizational and work role competencies (McEwen Wills 2014).In my present role as unit educator, I have the opportunity to be also involved with nurse orientation including new graduate nurses and also with clinical advancement programs. Benner’s modelRead MoreProfessional Career Action Plan Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom beginning to end for successful goal attainment. My action plan summarizes my professional goals and my career goal of becoming a health care administrator in a hospital or a physician’s office. I will assess the skills currently obtained and the skills that need altering to improve my chances of reaching my career goals. My action plan will also show the steps required to reach my career goals and a timeline to complete each one. Achieving my goals will require focus and motivation to follow theRead MoreWhy A Champion Is Someone Who Makes A Positive Change1168 Words   |  5 Pagesin Harlingen, Texas. I was inspired by this new idea and I began my collection. I asked my relatives, people at school, and in the community to give their pull tabs to me whenever possible. I also kept tabs from parties, ceremonies, and some birthday parties so that I could obtain as many as I could. At the same time that people were helping me at school, my relatives also played a huge role in providing pull tabs. For example, my grandparents provided at least one thousand tabs to maximize by collectionRead MoreEast Asian Films And Its Impact On The Middle Asian Cultures1076 Words   |  5 Pagesthat appeared different from my own background, but nevertheless intrigued me. A simple anime show led to the discovery of Korean dramas, and resulted in the culmination of a Korean minor five years later. Although I lacked the financial resources to actually travel, film served as my first exposure to different East Asian cultures. I would be remiss if now, as a student at Georgetown University, I did not take the opportunity to explore a region I have always revered. My Korean minor has enabled me

Inclusion of Students with Learning Disabilities Essay

Inclusion is a topic that is still at the forefront of educational controversy, in the classroom and also in Congress. According to The Cyclopedic Education Dictionary, inclusion can be defined in two ways: one, inclusion can be defined as the placement of disabled children in a general classroom setting for the entire school day and two, inclusion can be defined as the placement of disabled students into a general classroom setting for part of the day while they are placed in a special setting during the other part of the day (Spafford and Grosser, 1998). Parents and teachers have been debating the issue of full inclusion of disabled students in public schools since the passing of the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975.†¦show more content†¦In 1997, IDEA was revised again with two principle emphases; students with disabilities should be included in the general curriculum whenever it is most useful for the student and students with disabilities should be held to the same standards as their non-disabled peers (Romano and Chambliss, 2000). As a provision of the IDEA, the child’s parents and teachers, along with other school staff, create an individualized education program (IEP) when the child is ready to begin education. This team of people assess the special needs that child requires in a general education classroom and makes sure that the child will be successful in an inclusive classroom (PTA, 2002). In order to accommodate disabled children in public schools when the law was first enacted, Congress promised to pay forty percent of the added expenses each child would make for the school. To this day, Congress has not lived up to that promise and is paying only seventeen percent of the costs (PTA, 2002). There were several bills proposed in Congress during 2001 that would have mandated full funding for IDEA, but those bills failed and twenty percent of the funding for IDEA is legally used for other purposes (PTA, 2002). The issu e of inclusion is heavily debated and has many different supporters and opponents; some advocate full inclusion while others only support mainstreaming, the partial inclusion of students, while still others oppose the idea altogether. Parents,Show MoreRelatedInclusion For Students With Learning Disabilities2259 Words   |  10 Pages 12 [Inclusion for students with learning disabilities] [Inclusion for students with learning disabilities] 13 The Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities in Special Education Lehigh University Bowei Chen Many researches show that students with learning disabilities have a high rate of victimization. This paper gives few case studies about how elementary schools implement the policy and guidelines to inclusive the students with learning disabilities. The purposeRead More Benefits of Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities1766 Words   |  8 PagesBenefits of Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities There are many benefits for learning disabled students when placed in an inclusive classroom. Research has shown that students with learning disabilities can be supported in a general education classroom setting for the entire day with academic achievement as high as or higher than those in a separate setting (McLeskey Waldron, 1998). There are many positive benefits which include improved social skills, stronger peer relationshipsRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Inclusion For Students With Learning Disabilities2757 Words   |  12 Pages The positive and negative effects of inclusion for students with learning disabilities Traci J. Alexander FND 510 National Louis University Introduction Social inclusion is understood as a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background, so that they can achieve their full potential in life. It is a multi-dimensional process aimed at creating conditions which enable full and active participation of every member of theRead More The Benefits of Full Inclusion of All Students with Learning Disabilities1843 Words   |  8 PagesAdvantages of Inclusion for Disabled Children There are many advantages for children with disabilities, to be placed in a regular classroom setting. First of all, children are spared the effects of being separate and segregated. Sometimes, segregated education can provide negative effects, such as labeling (Wolery, M. and Wilbers, J., 1994). Labeling of a disabled child can be held over their head throughout their education. Also, being separated can make other children have negative attitudesRead MoreDoes Inclusion Result In Favorable Effects? Essay709 Words   |  3 Pageshandicaps into regular learning classrooms. Inclusion refers to the practice of instructing all students regardless of disability. Although the term is new, the basic law is not, and reflects the belief that students with a disability should be taught in the least restrictive environment, or as close to the mainstream of regular learning as possible. The least restrictive environment doctrine is one key element of federal special education law. Advocates of inclusion believe that most casesRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesInclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusive education haveRead MoreStudents With Learning Disabilities : A Curriculum Based On Individual Needs1255 Words   |  6 Pages Inclusion is defined as a learning environment containing both students with and without disabilities working collaboratively. Students with learning disabilities may be fully integrated into the general education setting or may follow a pull out or push in model for one subject, such as reading. Although there is considerable debate about where students with disabilities should be educated, schools must abide by the concept of the least restrictive environment. As schools continue to raise academicRead MoreInclusion Has Been A Major Topic Between Educators And1576 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion has been a major topic between educators and parents of special needs children for years. Many believe that it would a good idea to educate general education children in the same classroom along with special needs children, including those with multiple disabilities. And then there are many that believe special education and general education can actually can be accomplished in one classro om along with one general education teacher and one special education teacher working together , teachingRead MoreInclusion For Students With Disabilities834 Words   |  4 Pages Inclusion Position Paper Valerie Simmons University of West Alabama SE 506 Dr. Nichols July 1, 2015 Inclusion in the classroom is a widely debated issue in education today. Inclusive education means that students with disabilities are supported in chronologically age appropriate general education classrooms in schools near their home. These students also receive the specialized instruction outlined by their individualized education programs (IEP s) within the context of the coreRead MoreInclusion For Special Needs Students Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesculturally sensitive curriculum in today’s classroom. However, there is still a lack of inclusion for special needs students in general classroom settings. My interest in this topic stems from my major in EC-6, Special Education. My goal is to work with students with special needs. It is important to integrate students with disabilities in classrooms with students without disabilities. By allowing students with disabilities to have access to a general education will enable them to obtain an equal education

Good People… Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure Free Essays

According to the critical lens by William Saroyan, â€Å"Good people†¦ are good because they’re come to wisdom through failure. † In other words that a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. Two literary works that agree with this statement are The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. We will write a custom essay sample on Good People†¦ Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel by William Golding, The Lord of the Flies reveals with a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. The setting took place on an uninhabited island. Ralph was characterized as the oldest of the boys, handsome, and confident. Piggy can be characterized as the logic on the island. Jack Merridew an aggressive boy who became the leader of the tribe after Ralph’s failure. Piggy trying to preach the rules to everyone and Roger rolls a boulder at him and kills him. Ralph witnessed Piggy’s death and ran away. From this point on Ralph discovered through Piggy’s death, that it was useless trying to reason with Jack’s tribe. Ralph ran and hides from them. As a result, Ralph learned through Piggy’s mistakes and stayed alive. William Saroyan implies that a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey reveals with the statement. We can learn from mistakes and become a better person. The story takes place in a mental institution in the Pacific Northwest. The narrator of the novel is chief Bromden, also known as chief Broom; a half staff assumes is deaf and dumb. Randall Patrick McMurphy is a new patient who came from a work farm. He suggested a party, but got cought by the Big Nurse. He received a lobotomy. Chief learned from McMurphy. At the end, he escaped the hospital and returning to society to battle the combine. In both novels The Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey reveal the statement that we can learn from mistakes and become a better person. Both main characters learn from other mistakes and become a better person. How to cite Good People†¦ Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure, Papers

Ethical Issues in Cyber Crime for Verizon Data -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theEthical Issues in Cyber Crime for Verizon Data. Answer: Introduction Information and Communications Technology or ICT is the extension of IT or Information Technology. It acts as the unified communications with the amalgamation of various wireless signals and telephone lines with storage, software and audiovisual systems. It allows the users to manipulate, store, access and transmit various information (Niebuhr, 2013). In spite of providing a huge amount of benefit to the society, ICT has also welcomed several cyber attacks and security breaches in the modern technological world. These attacks and breaches are extremely dangerous for the cyber world. These breaches are also threat to ethical world. The following essay outlines a detailed description of the case study of Verizon Wireless of United States of America. This cyber crime took place in July 2017. This was absolutely non ethical for the cyber world. The essay provides the detailed discussion about the four classical theories of ethics. The case study is described with these four classical theories. Discussion Verizon Wireless Data Breach Verizon Wireless is the telecommunications organization of United States of America offering various wireless products and services. There was a leakage of data in the organization that caused a dangerous cyber attack ("Verizon customer information exposed in data breach", 2017). This was caused because of the partner of Verizon wireless. They did not take care of the data and the data was leaked in cloud. The reason for this cyber crime was the cloud-based repository files that was non configured. Data of approximately 14 million clients were leaked in the cloud. All of them were customers of Verizon. Utilitarianism Theory This is one of the four classical theories of ethics. The Utilitarianism Theory states that the best activity is that particular activity, which maximizes utility. This theory can be defined as the summation of satisfaction that can be obtained from a utility. This does not count the amount of suffering an individual has faced during that activity (Arntzenius, 2014). There are two types of utilitarianism to maximize the utility. They are the total utilitarianism and the average utilitarianism. These two assumptions are made on the utility of the situation that is, how much utilization can be obtained from that situation. In this particular case, Verizon Wireless has faced a cyber attack. The data of their clients were leaked in the cloud and the partner of Verizon did this. They have utilized the cloud server for leaking all the data. These data contained all the details about customers including the account name, pin numbers and all the confidential information. This is a non-ethica l act (Crimmins, 2017). The confidential data should not be breached at all. The partner of Verizon should be put behind bars and serious actions should be taken. The utilitarianism theory does not apply in this situation. The situation does not gain any utility and thus is non-ethical according to the four classical theories of ethics. Deontology Theory The Deontology Theory is the standard position in ethics, which takes the decision according to the morality of a particular activity that is based on the rules. This theory can also be defined as the ethics based on obligations and duties. The moral obligation forces an individual to act perfectly in any situation. This type of obligation depends on either internal or external sources (Chen Schonger, 2017). This theory focuses on the fact that a person should be morally ethical in nature no matter what situation arises. The external sources are the religious rules, universal rules, legal laws, whereas, the internal sources are the cultural and personal values. The internal sources mostly depend on the character of the individual, the surrounding where his upbringing has taken place and the lessons he has got from family, friends or acquaintances. In this particular case study of Verizon Wireless, the partner of Verizon leaked the data, which caused tremendous problems to both Veriz on and its customers. This is ethically wrong according to the Deontology theory of ethics (Lazar, 2017). The partner should not have leaked the data. All the customers have faced tremendous problems due to this leakage. Moreover, all the account details of the customers were leaked, this could have been a major problem in future for the customers. When an organization is dealing with its clients, it is the responsibility of that organization to give their customers a safe and secured surrounding. According to deontology theory of ethics, the partner of Verizon Wireless should have been morally ethical. It was their duty to protect the customers (Dewey, 2016). The opposite happened. They backed off from their duty. They leaked the data, which was ethically wrong, as well as a dangerous cyber crime. Virtue Theory This is third theory of the four classical theories of ethics. Virtue ethics is a type of ethics, which focuses on the character of an individual as the major component for ethical thinking. Virtue ethics states that when an individual taken an ethical decision or solves an ethical dilemma, he takes the decision from this own thinking (Van Hooft, 2014). This thinking is completely controlled by the character of the individual. If the individual is good from heart and has good character, he will definitely take a good decision. However, if the individual has a darker side, he might take a negative decision. In this case study, it is not known that why the partner of Verizon Wireless has leaked the data. There is a high chance that they did not take the decision from their heart and may have a strong reason (Audi, 2012). However, according to Virtue theory of four classical theories of ethics, they took the decision and since the character of the individual is the major component of fo r ethical thinking, it can be said that the partner of Verizon wireless does not have a ethical character. Contract Theory This is the fourth classical theory of ethics. According to this particular theory, the moal values of an individual depend on the presence of a contract (Fried, 2015). A contract is an agreement that brings out the ethical and moral regulations of an individual. Several individuals form the society. If the human beings will not behave properly and ethically, the society will not reach success and will not be able to meet its goals and objectives. The contract is a sign of motivation and ethics for all the employees of an organization. it promotes the values of ethics within all the employees (Niebuhr, 2013). In this case study, there was a contract between the organization and the clients of that organization. However, they were not able to protect the contract and thus was ethically wrong towards their clients. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that information and communications technology or acts as the unified communications with the amalgamation of various wireless signals and telephone lines with storage, software and audiovisual systems. It allows the users to manipulate, store, access and transmit various information. In spite of providing a huge amount of benefit to the society, ICT has also welcomed several cyber attacks and security breaches in the modern technological world. These attacks and breaches are extremely dangerous for the cyber world. These breaches are also threat to ethical world. The above essay focuses on the case study of Verizon Wireless organization. Data was breached and leaked in the cloud by the partner of Verizon. This is ethically wrong. The essay describes the case study with the help of the four classical theories of ethics. References Arntzenius, F. (2014). Utilitarianism, decision theory and eternity.Philosophical Perspectives,28(1), 31-58. Audi, R. (2012). Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(2), 273-291. Chen, D. L., Schonger, M. (2017). Social preferences or sacred values? theory and evidence of deontological motivations. Crimmins, J. E. (Ed.). (2017).The Bloomsbury encyclopedia of utilitarianism. Bloomsbury Publishing. Dewey, J. (2016).Ethics. Read Books Ltd. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Lazar, S. (2017). Deontological Decision Theory and Agent-Centered Options.Ethics,127(3), 579-609. Niebuhr, R. (2013).Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Westminster John Knox Press. Van Hooft, S. (2014).Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge. Verizon customer information exposed in data breach. (2017).Fox Business. Retrieved 13 September 2017, from https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2017/07/13/security-lapse-leaks-data-from-millions-verizon-customers.html

Wto Summary Essays - World Trade Organization, Global Exchange, WTO

Wto Summary The courage and dedication that was displayed by the protestors in the video was what I took to heart. It was something else to see a group of people come together to protest something that they believed so strongly despite being pepper sprayed, shot at with rubber bullets, and thrown into jail..But why would anyone go to these lengths to protest against an organization? The World Trade Organization was created in Jan. 1 1995 and has 140 member countries. According to their official website www.wto.org the organizations main purpose is to, help trade flow as freely as possible-so long as there are no undesirable side-effects. This partly means removing obstacles. However the organization isnt a democratic organization. Instead the WTO rules are written by and for corporations with inside access to the negotiations. Citizen input by consumer, environmental, human rights and labor organizations is consistently ignored as WTO meetings are held in secret. According to the video, out of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations and only 49 are countries. As a result it is no wonder why so many came to protest this secret meeting held in Seattle, WA. According to the video many protestors argued that the WTO and its motto of free world trade is stomping over labor and human rights in countries throughout the world as the use of cheap labor and child labor are continually ignored by the WTO. The magazine Global Exchange states that the WTO is blocking human rights abuses since they have ruled that, 1) It is illegal for a government to ban a product base on the way it is produced and 2) Governments cannot take into account the behavior of companies that do business with vicious dictatorships such as Burma. The protestors in the video also felt that the WTO was destroying the environment. Evidence of this, dates back to 1993 when according to the Global Exchange , The very first WTO panel ruled that a regulation of the US Clean Air Act, which required both domestic and foreign producers alike to produce cleaner gasoline, was illegal. Recently, the WTO declared illegal a provision of the Endangered Species Act that requires shrimp in the US to be caught with an inexpensive device that allows endangered sea turtles to escape, and the WTO is currently negotiating an agreement that would eliminate tariffs on wood products, which would increase the demand for timber and escalate deforestation. As a result I believe that these corporations should not be allowed to continue to get away with such actions. The people in Seattle honored their legal right to assemble. The actions taken by the city of Seattle against these protestors were too extreme and Im still unclear for what reason they took such extreme measures against the protestors. These were peaceful protests and the city freaked out over a few broken windows at corporations such as Starbucks and Nike. In my point of view the steps taken by the city of Seattle was way over the line and its disgusts me that peaceful protestors were thrown into jail for demonstrating a legal right in the constitution. Social Issues

Tips For Writing the Essay Prompts in the SAT Test

Tips For Writing the Essay Prompts in the SAT TestMany students that take the SAT now know about sample essay prompts but many don't think it is the same as the one used for their whole test. It isn't, but it can help you get a better idea of what to expect. The sample can help you remember what it is like to write an essay so you will be ready when the real one comes up.So what are these sample essays? They are your guides to what to expect. They are similar to the whole test, but they are not there to tell you how to complete the tests.The sample essay prompts are also a way to get an idea of how long the sample tests will be and to see if the entire test is going to take an hour or two. The length of these samples is usually listed on the sample essay prompts or on the test packet itself. You will need to check these things out to make sure you know how long the sample test will take.Once you have the sample test in hand, you will need to make sure that you follow the directions p roperly. This can vary depending on the sample essay prompt that you use. The sample tests all seem to be slightly different, but the writing that you need to do will usually come down to just following the instructions.The most important thing you need to do with the sample essay prompts is to make sure that you make your outline first. The outline is where you list the main points of the essay and make sure that you start at the beginning and finish it. Doing this will help you get the flow going and make sure that the essay doesn't turn into a maze.If you can't find a key point that you want to emphasize, try to make it up on the spot. Even if it doesn'tfit the topic at hand, you might be able to find something else that fits somewhere else. Try to think of something that is relevant to the essay so that you will be able to use it.Another thing you will need to look for is something that will allow you to jump ahead a couple of pages so that you can present the key point that you want to emphasize. The key point should be really easy to write because you want to get it across fast and easily. This will make the essay easier to read and to understand.Remember that your essay prompts aren't a substitute for practice. If you are trying to figure out how to write an essay, you need to practice writing a paper. This is why you need to know what to expect when taking the test.

Act460 Week 3 Essays

Act460 Week 3 Essays Act460 Week 3 Essay Act460 Week 3 Essay Original Data: selling price: 40. 00 Variable Expenses: Invoice Cost: 18. 00 Sales Commission: 7. 00 Total Variable Expenses: 25. 00 Fixed Expenses: Rent: 80,000. 00 Advertising: 150,000. 00 salaries: 70,000. 00 Total Fixed Expenses: 300,000. 00 1. Calculate the annual break-even point in dollar sales and in unit sales for Store 36. Unit Contribution Margin = selling price per unit variable Expenses Unit Contribution Margin = 40. 00 25. 00 Unit Contribution Margin = 15. 0 per shirt Break even point = (target profit + fixed expenses) / unit contribution margin Break even point = (0. 00 + 300,000. 0) / 15. 00 Break even point = 20,000 units Break even point in sales = 20,000 x 40 = 800,000 up to 30,000 shirts sold each year. Clearly indicate the break-even point on the graph. 3. If 19,000 shirts are sold in a year, what would be Store 36s net operating income or loss? Sales (19,000 shirts x 40 per Variable Expenses (19,000 shirts x 25 per shirt) (475,000) Cont ribution Margin 285,000 Fixed expenses (300,000) Net operating Loss (15,000) 4. The company is considering paying the store manager of Store 36 an incentive commission of $3 per shirt (in addition to salespersons commissions). If this change s made, what will be the new break-even point in dollar sales and in unit sales? $3. 00 added commission increases the new variable price to $28 New Data: Manager Commission: 3. 00 Total Variable Expenses: 28. 00 Contribution Margin = 40. 00 28. 00 = 12. 00 0 new contribution margin Break even point = (0. 00 + 300,000) / 12. 0 = 25,000 0 breakeven point in units Break even point in sales = 25,000 x 40. 00 = 1,000,000 0 break even point in sales paying the store manager a $3. 00 commission on each shirt sold in excess of the break-even point. If this change is made, what will be the stores net operating ncome or loss if 23,500 shirts are sold in a year? Sales: 23,500 Original Break Even Point: 20,000 overage: 3,500 Profit to the store = overage in units x contribution margin 3,500 x 12. 00 = 42,000 Oprofit to the store 6. Re fer to the original data. The company is considering eliminating sales commissions entirely in its stores and increasing fixed salaries by $107,000 annually. a. If this change is made, what will be the new break-even point in dollar sales and in unit sales in Store 36? Selling Price: 40. 00 Total Variable Expenses: 18. 00 Additional salaries: 107,000. 00 Total Fixed Expenses: 407,000. 00 Contribution Margin = 40- 18 = 22. 00 0 new contribution margin Break even point = (0+407,000) / 22 = 18,500 0 new break even point in units Break even point in sales = 18,500 x break even point in sales. . Would you recommend that change be made? Explain. It is hard to recommend the proposed change from commission to salary based on the information provided. Additional information would be necessary to make an educated recommendation. What have the previous quarters shown in regards to sales? Although the change from commission to salary would increase the contribution margin and drop the break even point there are many fact ors that hould be considered before implementing this change. If sales teams are changed from variable pay to fixed pay, it may reduce their incentive to sell more shirts to clients. If the shirts essentially sell themselves and dont needed a motivated sales person then the switch may be beneficial. Ultimately it is most companys goals to reduce their break even point, but without further information it is undetermined as to whether this change would be beneficial for Shirts Unlimited. Garrison, R. H. , E. W. Noreen, and P. C. Brewer. Managerial Accounting. Fourteenth. New York: McGraw-Hill/lrwin, 2011 Print.

Profile and Crimes of Teresa Lewis

Profile and Crimes of Teresa Lewis Teresa and Julian Lewis In April 2000, Teresa Bean, 33, met Julian Lewis at Dan River, Inc., where they were both employed. Julian was a widower with three adult children, Jason, Charles and Kathy. He lost his wife to a long and difficult illness in January of that year. Teresa Bean was a divorcee with a 16-year-old daughter named Christie. Two months after they met, Teresa moved in with Julian and they soon married. In December 2001, Julian’s son, Jason Lewis, was killed in an accident. Julian received over $200,000 from a life insurance policy, which he placed in an account that only he could access. A few months later he used the money to purchase five acres of land and a mobile home in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, where he and Teresa began to live. In August 2002, Julian’s son, C.J., an Army reservist, was to report for active duty with the National Guard. In anticipation of his deployment to Iraq, he purchased a life insurance policy in the amount of $250,000 and named his father as the primary beneficiary and Teresa Lewis as the secondary beneficiary. Shallenberger and Fuller In the summer of 2002, Teresa Lewis met Matthew Shallenberger, 22, and Rodney   Fuller, 19, while shopping at WalMart. Immediately after their meeting, Teresa began a sexual relationship with   Shallenberger. She began modeling lingerie for both men and was eventually having sexual intercourse with them both. Shallenberger wanted to be the head of an illegal drug distribution ring, but he needed money to get started. If that failed to work out for him, his next goal was to become a nationally recognized hitman for the Mafia. Fuller, on the other hand, did not talk much about any of his future goals. He seemed content following Shallenberger around. Teresa Lewis introduced her 16-year-old daughter to the men and, while parked at a parking lot, her daughter and Fuller had sexual intercourse in one car, while Lewis and Shallenberger had sexual intercourse in another vehicle. The Murder Plot In late September 2002, Teresa and Shallenberger devised a plan to kill Julian and then share the money that she would get from his estate.   The plan was to force Julian off the road, kill him, and make it look like a robbery. On October 23, 2002, Teresa gave the men $1,200 to purchase the necessary guns and ammunition to carry through their plan. However, before they could kill Julian, a third vehicle was driving too close to Julian’s car for the boys to force him off the road. The three conspirators manufactured a second plan to kill Julian. They also decided they would kill Julian’s son, C.J., when he returned home to attend his fathers funeral. Their reward for this plan would be Teresa’s inheriting and then sharing the two life insurance policies of father and son. When Teresa learned that C.J. was planning on visiting his father and that he staying at the Lewis home on October 29-30, 2002, the plan changed so that father and son could be killed at the same time. The Murder In the early morning hours of October 30, 2002, Shallenberger and Fuller entered the Lewis mobile home through a rear door that Teresa had left unlocked for them. Both men were armed with the shotguns Teresa has purchased for them As they entered the master bedroom, they found Teresa asleep next to Julian. Shallenberger woke her up. After Teresa has moved to the kitchen, Shallenberger shot Julian multiple times. Teresa then returned to the bedroom. As Julian struggled for his life, she grabbed his pants and wallet and returned to the kitchen. While Shallenberger was killing Julian, Fuller went to C.J.’s bedroom and shot him several times. He then joined the other two in the kitchen as they were emptying Julian’s wallet. Concerned that C.J. might still be alive, Fuller took Shallenberger’s shotgun and shot C.J. two more times.   Shallenberger and Fuller then left the home, after picking up some of the shotgun shells and splitting up the $300 found in Julians wallet. For the next 45 minutes, Teresa stayed inside the home and called her ex-mother-in-law, Marie Bean, and her best friend, Debbie Yeatts, but did not call the authorities for help. Call to 9.1.1. Around 3:55 A.M., Lewis called 9.1.1. and reported that a man had broken into her home at approximately 3:15 or 3:30 A.M. He had shot and killed her husband and stepson. She went on to say that the intruder had entered the bedroom where she and her husband were sleeping. He told her to get up. She then followed her husbands instructions to go to the bathroom. Locking herself in the bathroom, she heard four or five shotgun blasts. Sheriff’s deputies arrived at the Lewis home at approximately 4:18 A.M.   Lewis told the deputies that her husband’s body was on the floor in the master bedroom and that her stepson’s body was in the other bedroom. When the officers entered the master bedroom, however, they found Julian severely wounded, but still alive and talking. He was moaning and uttering, â€Å"Baby, baby, baby, baby.†Ã‚   Julian told the officers his wife knew who had shot him. He  died not long afterwards. When informed that Julian and C.J. were dead, Teresa did not appear to the officers to be upset. â€Å"I Miss You When You’re Gone† Investigators interviewed Teresa. In one interview she claimed Julian had physically assaulted her a few days before the murders. Even so, she denied killing him or having any knowledge about who might have killed him. Teresa also told the investigators that she and Julian had talked and prayed together that night. When Julian had gone to bed, she went to the kitchen to pack his lunch for the next day. Investigators found a lunch bag in the refrigerator with an attached note that read, â€Å"I love you. I hope you have a good day.†   She had also drawn a picture of a smiley face on the bag and had written inside it, â€Å"I miss you when you’re gone.† Money Was No Object Teresa called Julians daughter Kathy on the night of the murders and told her that she had already made the necessary arrangements with the funeral home, but that she needed the names of some of Julian’s family members. She told Kathy that it wasnt necessary for her to come to the funeral home the following day. When on the next day Kathy showed up at the funeral home anyway, Teresa told her that she was the sole beneficiary of everything and that money was no longer an object. Cashing In Later that same morning, Teresa called Julian’s supervisor, Mike Campbell, and told him that Julian had been murdered. She asked if she could pick up Julian’s paycheck. He told her the check would be ready by 4 P.M., but Teresa never showed up.    She also informed in  that she was the secondary beneficiary of C.J.’s military life insurance policy. Booker told her she would be contacted within 24 hours as to when she would receive C.J.’s death benefit. money. A Braggart’s Demise On the day of the funerals, Teresa called Julians daughter Kathy prior to the services. She told Kathy she had had her hair and nails done, and she had bought a beautiful suit to wear to the funeral. During the conversation she also asked if Kathy was interested in buying Julians mobile home. Investigators learned that Teresa had tried to withdraw $50,000 from one of Julians accounts. She had done a bad job of forging Julians signature on the check, and the bank employee refused to cash it. Detectives also learned Teresa was aware of how much money she would receive upon the deaths of her husband and stepson. Months before their deaths, she was overheard telling a friend the amounts of the cash payouts coming to her, should Julian and C.J. die.   ...Just as Long as I get the Money Five days after the murder, Teresa called Lt. Booker to request she been given C.J.’s personal effects. Lt. Booker told her that the personal effects would be given to C.J.’s sister Kathy Clifton, his immediate next of kin. This angered Teresa and she continued to press the issue with Booker. When Lt. Booker refused to budge, she again asked about the life insurance money, reminding him again that she was the secondary beneficiary. When Lt. Booker told her that she would still be entitled to the life insurance, Lewis responded, â€Å"That’s fine. Kathy can have all of his effects as long as I get the money.† Confession On November 7, 2002, investigators again met with Teresa Lewis and presented all the evidence that they had against her. She then confessed she had offered Shallenberger money to kill Julian. She falsely claimed that Shallenberger had both Julian and C.J. before Julian’s money and leaving the mobile home. She said that Shallenberger had expected to receive half of the insurance money, but that she had changed her mind and decided that she wanted to keep all of it for herself. She accompanied investigators to Shallenberger’s home, where she identified him as her co-conspirator. The following day, Teresa admitted that she had not been totally honest: she confessed to Fuller’s involvement in the murders and that her 16-year-old daughter had assisted with planning the murder. Teresa Lewis Pleads Guilty When a lawyer is handed a murder case as heinous as Lewis case was, the goal switches from trying to find the client innocent, to trying to avoid the death penalty. Under Virginia law, if a defendant pleads guilty to capital murder, the judge conducts the sentencing proceeding without a jury. If the defendant pleads not guilty, the trial court may determine the case only with the consent of the defendant and concurrence of the Commonwealth. Lewis appointed lawyers, David Furrow and Thomas Blaylock, had a lot of experience in capital murder cases and knew that the appointed trial judge had never imposed the death penalty on a capital defendant. They also knew that the judge would be sentencing Fuller to life imprisonment under a plea agreement he had made with the prosecution, were Lewis to testify against Shallenberger and Fuller. Also, they hoped that the judge would show leniency since Lewis had eventually cooperated with investigators and turned over the identities of Shallenberger, Fuller, and even her daughter, as accomplices. Based on this and the heinous facts that had surfaced in the murder-for-hire-profit crime, Lewis lawyers felt that her best chance to avoid the death penalty was to plead guilty and invoke her statutory right to be sentenced by the judge. Lewis agreed. Lewis IQ Prior to Lewis plea, she went through a competency assessment by Barbara G. Haskins, a board-certified forensic psychiatrist. She also took an IQ test. According to Dr. Haskins, the testing showed that Lewis had a Full Scale IQ of 72. This placed her in the borderline range of intellectual functioning (71-84), but not at or below the level of mental retardation. The psychiatrist reported that Lewis was competent to enter the pleas and that she was able to understand and appreciate the possible outcome. The judge questioned Lewis, making sure that she understood that she was waiving her right to a jury and that she would be sentenced by the judge to either life imprisonment or death. Satisfied that she understood, he scheduled the sentencing proceedings. Sentencing Based upon the vileness of the crimes, the judge sentenced Lewis to death. The judge said that his decision was made more difficult by the fact that Lewis cooperated with the investigation and that she had pleaded guilty, but as the wife and stepmother to the victims, she had engaged in the cold blooded, pitiless slaying of two men, horrible and inhumane for profit, which fits the definition of an outrageous or wantonly vile, horrible, act. He said that she had lured men and her juvenile daughter into her web of deceit and sex and greed and murder, and within an incredibly short period of time from meeting the men, she had recruited them, been involved in planning and completing these murders, and within one week before the actual murders she had already made a failed attempt on Julian’s life. Calling her the head of this serpent, he said he was convinced that Lewis waited until she thought Julian was dead before she called the police and that she allowed him to suffer...without any feelings at all, with absolute coldness. Execution Teresa Lewis was executed on September 23, 2010, at 9 P.M by lethal injection, at Greensville Correctional Center in Jarratt,  Virginia. Asked if she had last words, Lewis said, I just want Kathy to know I love her. And I am very sorry.   Kathy Clifton, the daughter of Julian Lewis and the sister of C.J. Lewis, attended the execution. Teresa Lewis was the first female to be executed in the state of Virginia since 1912, and the first female in the state to die by lethal injection The gunmen, Shallenberger and Fuller, were sentenced to life imprisonment. Shallenberger committed suicide in prison in 2006. Christie Lynn Bean, Lewis daughter, served five years in prison because she had knowledge of the murder plot, but failed to report it. Source: Teresa Wilson Lewis v. Barbara J. Wheeler, Warden, Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women

Windows 7 Workgroup Consultation for Sally Chu Assignment

Windows 7 Workgroup Consultation for Sally Chu - Assignment Example Keywords: UAC, user access controls, administrative users, users, Windows 7, workgroup, network Windows 7 Workgroup Consultation for Sally Chu In order for Sally to grant all six of her administrative staff members the same computer-access privileges, to allow them to run applications and use network printers, but not be able to make any accidental changes that can adversely affect their computers, the most effective and efficient way to create user accounts for these employees would be as follows. The first step would be to setup the profile for Sally’s administrators. In order to ensure that the administrators cannot make any changes that would adversely affect the computers themselves, the best bet is to setup the administrators on a standard user profile, instead of an administrator profile, as the administrator profile would have complete access to make any and all changes, while the standard use can use most software and change system settings that do not affect other us ers or the security of the computer itself. Once the standard user is setup, the next step is to setup the parental controls for that standard user, allowing for the use of games to be filtered out, and blocking any specific programs that she does not want the administrators to have access to, by setting the profile to only be able to use the programs from an allowed list, as specified by herself. Once the account is setup, and the parental controls are put in place, the settings in UAC, or User Account Controls, would need to be set, providing notification when programs try to make changes to the computer. This must be done for each profile that needs to be created, for a total of six (Microsoft, 2013). As Sally would like to provide a high level of authentication for her network’s users, she would like a dual authentication process. Two of the different methods that she could use in conjunction with requiring a password for network access are the option to use EAP (Extensib le Authentication Protocol), and setting to allow certain protocols. Selecting â€Å"Use Extensible Authentication Protocol† allows the selection of using one of three protocols for authenticating the VPN connection: Protected EAP (PEAP), EAP-MSCHAPv2, or Smart Card or Other Certificate; all three options will ensure the security and data integrity of the EAP conversation through the use of encryption. The default setting is EAP-MSCHAPv2, which is also known as Secure Password. By selecting the properties for EAP-MSCHAPv2, the ability to configure the connection to use the Windows login credentials in order to authenticate the connection. Selecting â€Å"Allow These Protocols† instead as the other alternative for providing the second level of security to the network connection will allow for the choice between three different connection types, all of which can be set to configure the Windows login credentials to be used; the three different authentication protocols tha t can be used by the connection are PAP, CHAP, or MS-CHAPv2. â€Å"The choice of these three types of authentication methods will only apply to PPTP, L2TP/IPsec, or SSTP tunnels; IKEv2 tunnels can only use EAP-MSCHAPv2 or certificates as their authentication methods† (Sourcedaddy.com, 2008). While there is an advantage into having the user’s use their Windows login credentials, namely that they will not have to remember a third set of login credentials, the disadvantage is that if an unauthorized user obtains that information, that will give them that much more access to the network itself. The user access controls set for the profiles themselves will ensure that the web based applications will run in protected mode, and by allowing the particular programs on the intranet in the

Economics (merit good) education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics (merit good) education - Essay Example Moreover, education makes one be in a position to acquire employment, obtain income and consequently have an improved way of life (Ver Eecke, 2003, p. 701). Other merit goods include goods and services like health services that the government provides for its citizens for the benefit of the community. This is usually conducted because it would lead to under-provision within the community. It also generates difference between the social and private expenses in addition to the advantages of creation and exploitation leading to the risk of not selling the goods and services (Besley and Ghatak, 2003, p. 235-249). Merit goods are also those goods and services that the government thinks consumers will under utilize, and they ought to be provided free for the entire society. Both private institutions and the government offer education, but in case education was left to be an expense, where parents are expected to pay for education then education would be under-consumed by the members of the society. Poor parents might not understand the importance of education. Similarly, their children might not see the benefits of education (Besley and Ghatak, 2003, p. 235-249). In reality, education should provide peripheral benefits that could not be considered by the open market. The benefits include increasing profits and production for present and future productions and expansion in the work-related movement of the work force, which must assist in the reduction of unemployment and consequently lower welfare expenditure (Dixit, 2002, p. 38). The administration provides this merit good to urge its utilization so those particular optimistic externalities related with merit commodities can be realized (Dixit, 2002, p. 38). They also aim at overcoming the failures of information connected to education, not when the private longer-term benefit of utilization is better than the shorter-term advantage of utilization. The government also believes that consumption

Effect of Culture on Differences in Conceptions of Education

Effect of Culture on Differences in Conceptions of Education I chose the following articles which examined the effects of culture on the differences in conceptions of education. Human thought and behavior are heavily influenced by the practices and assumptions of a certain culture and education cannot escape this influence (Brislin, Bochner, Lonner, 1975; Cole, 1996). As the course (AH103) sought to examine educational outcomes in cross cultural settings, I personally believe that a deeper and more critical understanding of how education is perceived, valued and conceptualized across cultures is important. The only opportunity we had to discuss such a topic in class was the short article, â€Å"Mind or Virtue† by Jin Li (2005) and I felt that it was quite limited. In addition, I believe that understanding the ideas of influential thinkers from different cultures such as Confucius, Socrates and Dewey can shed light on how different cultures have perceived education historically and how they continue to be influenced by them. Finally, these articles demonstrate that we can borrow best practices from different cultures to better prepare our students for the globalized world and I feel that it would be helpful for us being future teachers to understand that. Article 1: Cultural Perspectives on Teaching and Learning: A collaborative self-study of two professors first year teaching experiences. (Hu Smith, 2011) The first article (Hu and Smith, 2011) documents the reflective experiences of Hu and Smith, assistant professors of Chinese and American nationality respectively. Throughout their first year at the same university, they utilized the self-study approach to explore their views of teaching and learning and how their different cultural backgrounds could have influenced their perspectives. The approach which included conversations and writing and sharing reflections about their teaching practices helped them clarify their education philosophies. Hu and Smith (2011) shared that their educational philosophies were mainly influenced by Chinese Confucianism and Deweyan pragmatism respectively. The article went on to provide more information about both philosophies but this will not be discussed in this paper owing to the length constraint. Upon reflection, they realized that their educational philosophies heavily influenced their teaching practices. For example, Hu believed that it was more important to be a strict teacher: â€Å"I have been influenced since I was young in China that a strict teacher prepares better students. I thought that I should be a strict teacher, and be responsible for my students; however, it seems that my students really did not appreciate that. (Hu, 10 February 2009)† On the other hand, Smith believed that being an understanding teacher was more important: â€Å"Teaching is making connections with students, inspiring them, showing them many strategies to use in teaching, allowing them time to practice the strategies, make mistakes, revise, and plan again. My duty as an instructor is to do all in my power to assist in the students’ learning. Yet I found that some of my students lacked the desired dispositions to become excellent teachers. (Smith, 23 June 2009)†. There were also other differences in their teaching beliefs (e.g. Smith believed that students should learn to be assertive while Hu believed in the importance of modesty). These differences were mutually exclusive and reflected the different conceptualizations of education in the two countries. However, Hu and Smith (2011) believed that the collaborative self-study experience helped them to understand the teaching values of their own and another culture more profoundly. After scrutinizing the philosophies of education in both eastern and western cultures and comparing and contrasting their own views of teaching and learning, they managed to gain insights that went beyond recognizing the differences between the two. In fact, they recognized the strengths of each philosophy and sought to integrate both philosophies to provide more effective instruction (Hu Smith, 2011). For example, Smith helped Hu to obtain a deeper understanding of American classroom culture. As the use of role models in education is prevalent in Chinese culture (Reed, 1995), Hu praised students who had performed well in class with the intention to encourage them and hoped that other students would be encouraged to emulate them. To Hu’s surprise, some students felt that their efforts were not affirmed in the process of being compared to others. Smith helped Hu understand that US students value individualism and working at their own academic level and pace. Consequently, teachers believe in differentiated instruction and praise. In addition, Hu helped Smith to embrace the eastern views of learning: that students should be diligent, respectful, and virtuous. Smith made a conscious effort to share these values with her students and help them appreciate and foster those values. For example, she modeled a strong work ethic and enforced strict grading policies and deadlines. She also requested students to assess themselves on punctuality, participation, completion of assignments and staying focused at the end of each class. Many of her students provided feedback that they were inspired by Smith sharing about and fostering Eastern views of education and felt that it has given them new perspectives towards education. Therefore, Hu and Smith (2011) believed that integrating their cultural views of teaching and learning helped them to achieve the best of both worlds. However, they believed that it is only possible if the teacher is interested to achieve such a balance. However, despite having great interest in achieving the balance, Hu and Smith (2011) realized that their own views of teaching and learning were greatly influenced by their cultural backgrounds and were not easily altered. As such, they worked hard to integrate both cultural beliefs of teaching and learning within their teaching practices. Lastly, Hu and Smith (2011) argued that understanding different educational philosophies can help teachers better serve their students in the increasingly globalized world. I chose this article because I appreciated the authors deeply reflecting about their own educational philosophies and seeking to uncover how their cultural backgrounds have affected them. In addition, I loved the simple message that there are strengths in both the Deweyan and Confucian approaches and that integrating them in our teaching practices can better serve all our students. Article 2: Rethinking Teacher Education: Synchronizing Eastern and Western Views of Teaching and Learning to Promote 21st Century Skills and Global Perspectives. (Smith Hu, 2013) The second article was written by the same authors of the first article. After four years of experience with the integrated philosophy of eastern and western perspectives and receiving positive feedback, Smith and Hu (2013) decided to follow up on their first self-study (Hu Smith, 2011) by investigating how their integrated philosophy have influenced teaching and learning of 21st century skills in their college students (Smith Hu, 2013). The authors firmly believed that 21st century skills such as critical thinking, creativity and problem solving must be embedded into the curriculum because research had shown that students require these skills to succeed in work and life (Association of American Colleges Universities, 2007, Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2007). For the study, Smith and Hu (2013) analyzed different sources from the past four years: 1) monthly self-study meeting notes, (2) self-reflective journals, (3) student and departmental peer evaluations of teaching, and (4) faculty and student feedback on the authors’ invited presentations. Smith and Hu (2013) found that their integrated philosophy was very effective in developing 21st century skills. For example, in the area of career and life skills, the western view helps to develop self-confidence, individuality and democratic education while the eastern view help foster the virtues of hard work, responsibility, commitment, and persistence in students. The integrated philosophy thus developed both sets of skills as both authors upheld rigorous teaching standards and high expectations. Moreover, the integrated philosophy worked well in terms of learning and innovation skills. Smith’s western perspective influenced by Dewey promote creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration through inquiry teaching and active learning. While personalized instruction is valued by the eastern perspective, the integrated philosophy valued collaboration with peers as an important part of teaching and learning. Over the years in their classes, presentations and conferences, Smith and Hu (2013) learned that educators from a diverse range of cultures were interested in cultivating global teaching perspectives. In addition, they all value 21st century skills and believe them to be important student outcomes. Having witnessed firsthand the importance and necessity of incorporating best practices from other cultures, the authors believe that educators across all disciplines should develop a global perspective of teaching and learning and provided some recommendations. Firstly, educators must examine themselves to unearth their personal cultural philosophy of teaching and learning (possibly using self-study like the authors). In addition, professional development sessions with other colleagues can be a good way to develop cultural understanding. Next, educators should consider collaborating to integrate cultural perspectives to promote 21st century skills. Finally, teaching and learning must alwa ys respect and take into account the diverse cultures of all students and families. I chose this article because it was a rich qualitative study which clearly articulated the benefits of utilizing an integrated philosophy in fostering 21st century skills. I think it would really encourage future and current educators to rethink their own educational philosophies and utilized the integrated one proposed by the authors. Article 3: Learning Considered Within a Cultural Context: Confucian and Socratic Approaches (Tweed Lehman, 2002) The last article (Tweed Lehman, 2002) used a Confucian–Socratic framework to analyze how academic learning is influenced by culture. At the start of the article, the authors clearly examined how different education processes are valued differently by Socrates and Confucius from the Western and Eastern cultures respectively. While Socrates encouraged students to question widely accepted knowledge privately and publicly and to create and articulate their own hypotheses, Confucius valued respectful, effortful, and pragmatic acquisition of essential knowledge so as to result in behavioral reform. While recognizing that examples of both Confucian and Socratic approaches can be found in both cultural contexts, Tweed and Lehman (2002) helped readers understand the impact of each approach in a different culture. Firstly, in some Western educational contexts, the Confucian approach may be advantageous- for example, in the case when students are expected to gain and utilize foundational knowledge to familiar and novel situations. However, the Confucian approach may be a disadvantage in other contexts- for example, students heavily influenced by the Confucian approach may speak up less in class and be perceived by their teachers to be less capable. In addition, it is also important to note the impact of the Socratic approach in Eastern educational contexts. The Socratic approach can potentially result in the disruption of the learning environment due to the lack of sensitivity to the social consequences of public criticism. In addition, Yang (1986) argued that the Socratic Method co uld lead to disorientation in Chinese classrooms because students may not be well prepared to engage in arguments, leading to poor student outcomes. However, there are also instances when a Socratic orientation has merits in Eastern educational contexts, such as when instructors yearn to be questioned (there are times when even Confucius wished that his students doubted his teachings). After examining the impact of each approach in a different culture, Tweed and Lehman (2002) argued that students who are academically bicultural and can adapt their learning approach according to cues in the academic environment may be more successful. Therefore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) agreed with the authors of the previous two articles (Smith Hu, 2011) that educators should encourage both inquiry (Socratic) and thoughtful acquisition (Confucian). This will help students gain knowledge and thinking skills that become useful in many domains beyond the current academic context. Although Tweed and Lehman (2002) did not refer to the above skills explicitly as 21st century skills, it is safe to assume that they would agree with Smith Hu (2013) about their importance too. Furthermore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) argued that students and educators alike may not entirely acknowledge the influence of culture on students’ academic role and behaviors. Wollenburg (1995) had identified the poor treatment of students of Asian descent in Western educational institutions and argued that it is partly due to a lack of understanding of different conceptions of learning. Therefore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) posited that an increased understanding of these conceptions can potentially inform changes at the institutional level that can improve education for all. Before concluding, Tweed and Lehman (2002) suggested several additional avenues for future research. Firstly, they believed that we should explore the nature and feasibility of academic biculturalism. For example, it would be beneficial if we can answer the following question: what distinguishes students who possesses both Confucian Socratic approaches to learning? Secondly, they believed that future research could examine the utility of the Socratic-Confucian framework as an educational tool in both unicultural and cross-cultural environments. Tweed and Lehman (2002) found out through informal discussions with their students that learning about the framework has helped them understand their own approaches to learning and become more flexible learners. I chose this article because it provided more evidence on the benefits of utilizing the integrated approach. In addition, it helped readers understand the ideas of another influential thinker in education, Socrates. Conclusion To conclude, I hope that these three articles can help students in the course develop a more nuanced appreciation of the influence of culture on the different educational philosophies, namely Confucian, Deweyan and Socratic. Rather than simply recognizing that certain educational processes are valued differently across cultures, I hope that students can go on and appreciate the strengths of each of the three educational philosophies and seek to utilize the integrated approach to better serve their students.