Nursing Theories Of A Nursing Theory - 939 Words

This paper explains what a nursing theory is and what a nursing theory is composed of. To further explain nursing theories, Virginia Henderson’s nursing theory is explained in further detail. This paper tells of how Virginia Henderson got started and how her theory came about. In addition, the fourteen main points of her theory will be defined, as well as how they can be applied to real-world nursing. Keywords: nursing theory, Virginia Henderson, Need Theory By definition, a nursing theory is â€Å"a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts† (Mutha, 2012). To be considered a nursing theory, there must be four components, which include the patient, the environment, health, and nursing. The environmental factors need to be included to ensure the patient and the living environment is comfortable. The health component of a nursing theory is concerning the health of the patient, which should be included in every theory. Additionally, nursing needs to be a part of every nursing theory to show the role that nurses play. Lastly, and the most important of the four, and the main focus of nursing and nursing theories, is the patient. One nursing theory that has been around for ages is Virginia Henderson’s nursing theory, which is more co mmonly known as the Need Theory. Henderson began herShow MoreRelatedNursing Theories And Theories Of Nursing3078 Words   |  13 Pages Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Group Five Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Colorado Colorado Springs NURS 3040: Foundations of Nursing Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Theory, what is a theory? According to Blais Hayes, (2011) â€Å"A theory is a supposition or idea that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. Theories differ in their scope and have been categorized in different ways. One of those categorizations schemes divide them into categories accordingRead MoreNursing Theories Of The Nursing Theory1398 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories provide a foundation for nurses to professionally base their judgment of care. Florence Nightingale was one of the first nursing theorists. Theories composed by Nightingale were comprised of practice-based theories and environmental theories. Nightingale’s environmental theory is composed of 13 cannons which are fundamental to her theory. Nightingale’s theories continue to be used by present day nurses and nursing students. Theories are incorporated into nursing students’ educationRead MoreThe Nursing Theory Of Nursing2275 Words   |  10 PagesAn important role and function of nursing is to provide competent and individual centered care. Striving to provide this level of care has lead to the development of several nursing theories focused on care. Nursing theorist Kristen Swanson developed a middle ranged caring theory, which is broad and easily applied in nursing practice. Swanson’s definition of caring is, â€Å"a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility† (SwansonRead MoreNursing Theory : Transcultural Nursing Theories1168 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing Theory: Transcultural Nursing Theory Raymonde Alphonse Miami Dade College Nursing Theory: Transcultural Nursing Theory General Perspective to the Nurse, the Patient, the Environment, Health, Illness, and Wellness Transcultural nursing theory by Madeleine Leininger has general perspectives to the nurse, patient, environment, health, illness, and wellness. According to the caregivers, transcultural nursing theory by Madeleine Leininger is one of the most effective philosophies onRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Nursing Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesMcEwin and Ellis, theory in nursing â€Å"offers structure and organization to nursing knowledge and provides a systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict nursing practice† (McEwen Wills, 2014, p. 25). Theories in nursing are what distinguish it from other professions and help to create professional boundaries (McEwen Wills, 2014)Click and drag to move. When theories are applied in the nursing process, there are various concepts from the respective theory that are introducedRead MoreNursing Theory : Application Of Nursing Theories4442 Words   |  18 PagesRunning head: NURSING THEORIES 1 APPLICATION OF NURSING THEORIES 2 Application of Nursing Theories Beatrice Mitchell MSN6003 ? Professional Nursing Practice Framework, Scope, and Role Unit 4 ? Assignment 1 8/7/16 Rhonda Hendricks Capella University Application of Nursing Theories Florence Nightingale and four nursing theorists are listed and analyzed in the taxonomy table in part I. A comprehensive summary of the nursing theories and a reflection on how each theory relates to theRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory812 Words   |  4 PagesTheory is the backbone to nursing as it gives nurses a framework and an idea of what they do and, most importantly, why they do it. Nursing theory means many different things to people and to only give credit to one definition would not be fair. Therefore, the definition of theory alone is, â€Å"the doctrine or principles underlying an art as distinguished from the practice of that particular art† (Theory, n.d). This definition is particularly useful because nursing is an art as well as a scienceRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory1417 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Theory There are many ideas about theory in nursing. The definition of nursing theory is a group of concepts that can be tested, changed or used to guide research (McEwen Willis, 2014). This writer was exposed to theory in under-graduate classes and understands the importance of theory to her nursing practice. This paper will review the importance of nursing theory. It will also focus on Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory. Importance of Theory Many nurse theorists haveRead MoreNursing Theory1516 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Theory DeepaK USF NR 501 Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Nursing Theories In nursing there are theories that determine how the profession is going to be handled. Scholars and other practitioners of medicines have proved these theories. In our case we will be looking how these theories are applicable in the entire world of nursing medicine. What are nursing theories? Nursing theories are theories that describeRead MoreNursing Theories684 Words   |  3 PagesA grand theory in nursing would be Doretha Orem’s self care theory. This theory encompasses the entire concept of nursing in the fact that it states individuals will strive to meet healthcare needs to maintain health and wellness. This is very broad, can not be tested and is used in a variety of settings and populations. Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is that all patients want to care for themselves, and they are able to recover more quickly and holistically by performing their own self-care

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My First Week Volunteering For The Quality Department

Entry Five This is my third week volunteering in the Quality Department, today is January 29, 2015. I came in at 6:00 a.m. this morning. The office outside of Jennifer’s where I am currently set up is very busy! Five people share this office. This office is very open and it is a little difficult for me to concentrate when everyone is here. Although the highlighting of the last TB test in red has helped immensely, this is still foreign information to me so I really need to concentrate. I am trying to redeem myself from the mistake I made with the Active physicians letters that unfortunately a majority of them had to be redone. I was a little naive to think I was going to complete this project for Jennifer in the first few weeks of my volunteer time. I completed half of the Courtesy staff physicians last week and I completed the other half today. Jennifer did receive some exciting news today! The Quality Department will be gaining a new part time employee. Technically not a part time employee, Britney a nurse from RCC (Recovery Care Center) will be devoting every Wednesday to helping out the Quality Department. Britney will be helping the Quality Department enter incident reports into EDGE (Every Day Giving Excellence). In July 2014 the local hospital aligned with USPI (United Surgical Partners International) to jointly acquire majority ownership of the center. With that merger came the adoption of many new requirements placed on the Dunes Surgical Hospital.Show MoreRelatedThe Day Walking Into Bangkhram Hospital924 Words   |  4 PagesThe first day walking into Bangkhram hospital, I was unsure what to expect. A rural hospital located in central Thailand, millions of questions ran through my mind: Will the patients be receptive of me? Is this truly the career path I would like to take? These questions ceased as I met patients suffering from chronic mental illnesses, watched newborns receive breathing treatments in the emergency department and a woman who received a pap smear after 22 years of avoiding it. By the end of my timeRead MoreEssay about Personal Experience1640 Words   |  7 Pagesof a great program and class at college. Most of us who are going to become teachers know about this clas s and the required 80 hours of volunteering at a middle school for a semester. I was eager to volunteer, because I have experience in working with middle school kids. The school I work for, has prepared me to handle school aged kids, so I was relying on my background to carry me though the semester at a new Middle school. The privileges of a private school are a lot differentRead MoreMy Trip At Penn State931 Words   |  4 PagesAbout a year ago, in an effort to make that summer the best one of our lives, my sister and I decided to embark on a road trip from Miami to Tallahassee. Not only was it an opportunity to visit my cousin who lives there, but also it was going to be a fun trip for my sister and I—a chance for us to bond. I had just left my final semester at Penn State a few weeks prior and regretting my decision not to take a year off before attending college, I decided to take this time to make up for it. I’veRead MoreI Am Applying For The Mayo Clinic1622 Words   |  7 PagesSummer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) because of my intrinsic motivation to serve people through the healthcare field, which developed from a very early age. The motivation developed because I had an opportunity to see the miracles research and medicine could do first hand back in Pakistan, as my father was an ENT surgeon. Research wise, classes like Psychobiology and Molecular and Cellular Biology have consistently increased my interest in neurobiology and immunology, and equipped me withRead MoreBeing An Outsider : A Field Of Medicine964 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions of questions in my mind: Will the patients be receptive of me being an outsider? Is this truly the career path I would like to take? These hesitations stopped as I interacted with patients suffering from chronic mental illnesses, watched newborns receive breathing treatments in the emergency department and witnessed a woman as s he received a pap smear for the first time in 22 years. By the end of my time in Thailand, these experinces allowed meto confirmed my interest in clinical medicineRead MoreThe Heroin Epidemic Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesVolunteering and participating in service projects are two of the most rewarding activities in my opinion. Some people may find it was a hassle or only do it because they have to meet the minimum requirement for school or work. Helping others, for me, has always been somewhat second nature to me. Over many years of volunteering I believe I have developed qualities that will stick with me for life and benefit me in my career. As early as freshman year, in high school, I found myself looking for waysRead MoreBenners theory and usefulness Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagescoaching function, Diagnostic client monitoring function, Effective management of rapidly changing situations, Administering and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimes, Monitoring and ensu ring quality of health care practice, Organizational and work role competencies (McEwen Wills 2014).In my present role as unit educator, I have the opportunity to be also involved with nurse orientation including new graduate nurses and also with clinical advancement programs. Benner’s modelRead MoreProfessional Career Action Plan Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom beginning to end for successful goal attainment. My action plan summarizes my professional goals and my career goal of becoming a health care administrator in a hospital or a physician’s office. I will assess the skills currently obtained and the skills that need altering to improve my chances of reaching my career goals. My action plan will also show the steps required to reach my career goals and a timeline to complete each one. Achieving my goals will require focus and motivation to follow theRead MoreWhy A Champion Is Someone Who Makes A Positive Change1168 Words   |  5 Pagesin Harlingen, Texas. I was inspired by this new idea and I began my collection. I asked my relatives, people at school, and in the community to give their pull tabs to me whenever possible. I also kept tabs from parties, ceremonies, and some birthday parties so that I could obtain as many as I could. At the same time that people were helping me at school, my relatives also played a huge role in providing pull tabs. For example, my grandparents provided at least one thousand tabs to maximize by collectionRead MoreEast Asian Films And Its Impact On The Middle Asian Cultures1076 Words   |  5 Pagesthat appeared different from my own background, but nevertheless intrigued me. A simple anime show led to the discovery of Korean dramas, and resulted in the culmination of a Korean minor five years later. Although I lacked the financial resources to actually travel, film served as my first exposure to different East Asian cultures. I would be remiss if now, as a student at Georgetown University, I did not take the opportunity to explore a region I have always revered. My Korean minor has enabled me

Inclusion of Students with Learning Disabilities Essay

Inclusion is a topic that is still at the forefront of educational controversy, in the classroom and also in Congress. According to The Cyclopedic Education Dictionary, inclusion can be defined in two ways: one, inclusion can be defined as the placement of disabled children in a general classroom setting for the entire school day and two, inclusion can be defined as the placement of disabled students into a general classroom setting for part of the day while they are placed in a special setting during the other part of the day (Spafford and Grosser, 1998). Parents and teachers have been debating the issue of full inclusion of disabled students in public schools since the passing of the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975.†¦show more content†¦In 1997, IDEA was revised again with two principle emphases; students with disabilities should be included in the general curriculum whenever it is most useful for the student and students with disabilities should be held to the same standards as their non-disabled peers (Romano and Chambliss, 2000). As a provision of the IDEA, the child’s parents and teachers, along with other school staff, create an individualized education program (IEP) when the child is ready to begin education. This team of people assess the special needs that child requires in a general education classroom and makes sure that the child will be successful in an inclusive classroom (PTA, 2002). In order to accommodate disabled children in public schools when the law was first enacted, Congress promised to pay forty percent of the added expenses each child would make for the school. To this day, Congress has not lived up to that promise and is paying only seventeen percent of the costs (PTA, 2002). There were several bills proposed in Congress during 2001 that would have mandated full funding for IDEA, but those bills failed and twenty percent of the funding for IDEA is legally used for other purposes (PTA, 2002). The issu e of inclusion is heavily debated and has many different supporters and opponents; some advocate full inclusion while others only support mainstreaming, the partial inclusion of students, while still others oppose the idea altogether. Parents,Show MoreRelatedInclusion For Students With Learning Disabilities2259 Words   |  10 Pages 12 [Inclusion for students with learning disabilities] [Inclusion for students with learning disabilities] 13 The Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities in Special Education Lehigh University Bowei Chen Many researches show that students with learning disabilities have a high rate of victimization. This paper gives few case studies about how elementary schools implement the policy and guidelines to inclusive the students with learning disabilities. The purposeRead More Benefits of Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities1766 Words   |  8 PagesBenefits of Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities There are many benefits for learning disabled students when placed in an inclusive classroom. Research has shown that students with learning disabilities can be supported in a general education classroom setting for the entire day with academic achievement as high as or higher than those in a separate setting (McLeskey Waldron, 1998). There are many positive benefits which include improved social skills, stronger peer relationshipsRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Inclusion For Students With Learning Disabilities2757 Words   |  12 Pages The positive and negative effects of inclusion for students with learning disabilities Traci J. Alexander FND 510 National Louis University Introduction Social inclusion is understood as a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background, so that they can achieve their full potential in life. It is a multi-dimensional process aimed at creating conditions which enable full and active participation of every member of theRead More The Benefits of Full Inclusion of All Students with Learning Disabilities1843 Words   |  8 PagesAdvantages of Inclusion for Disabled Children There are many advantages for children with disabilities, to be placed in a regular classroom setting. First of all, children are spared the effects of being separate and segregated. Sometimes, segregated education can provide negative effects, such as labeling (Wolery, M. and Wilbers, J., 1994). Labeling of a disabled child can be held over their head throughout their education. Also, being separated can make other children have negative attitudesRead MoreDoes Inclusion Result In Favorable Effects? Essay709 Words   |  3 Pageshandicaps into regular learning classrooms. Inclusion refers to the practice of instructing all students regardless of disability. Although the term is new, the basic law is not, and reflects the belief that students with a disability should be taught in the least restrictive environment, or as close to the mainstream of regular learning as possible. The least restrictive environment doctrine is one key element of federal special education law. Advocates of inclusion believe that most casesRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesInclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusive education haveRead MoreStudents With Learning Disabilities : A Curriculum Based On Individual Needs1255 Words   |  6 Pages Inclusion is defined as a learning environment containing both students with and without disabilities working collaboratively. Students with learning disabilities may be fully integrated into the general education setting or may follow a pull out or push in model for one subject, such as reading. Although there is considerable debate about where students with disabilities should be educated, schools must abide by the concept of the least restrictive environment. As schools continue to raise academicRead MoreInclusion Has Been A Major Topic Between Educators And1576 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion has been a major topic between educators and parents of special needs children for years. Many believe that it would a good idea to educate general education children in the same classroom along with special needs children, including those with multiple disabilities. And then there are many that believe special education and general education can actually can be accomplished in one classro om along with one general education teacher and one special education teacher working together , teachingRead MoreInclusion For Students With Disabilities834 Words   |  4 Pages Inclusion Position Paper Valerie Simmons University of West Alabama SE 506 Dr. Nichols July 1, 2015 Inclusion in the classroom is a widely debated issue in education today. Inclusive education means that students with disabilities are supported in chronologically age appropriate general education classrooms in schools near their home. These students also receive the specialized instruction outlined by their individualized education programs (IEP s) within the context of the coreRead MoreInclusion For Special Needs Students Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesculturally sensitive curriculum in today’s classroom. However, there is still a lack of inclusion for special needs students in general classroom settings. My interest in this topic stems from my major in EC-6, Special Education. My goal is to work with students with special needs. It is important to integrate students with disabilities in classrooms with students without disabilities. By allowing students with disabilities to have access to a general education will enable them to obtain an equal education

Good People… Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure Free Essays

According to the critical lens by William Saroyan, â€Å"Good people†¦ are good because they’re come to wisdom through failure. † In other words that a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. Two literary works that agree with this statement are The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. We will write a custom essay sample on Good People†¦ Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel by William Golding, The Lord of the Flies reveals with a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. The setting took place on an uninhabited island. Ralph was characterized as the oldest of the boys, handsome, and confident. Piggy can be characterized as the logic on the island. Jack Merridew an aggressive boy who became the leader of the tribe after Ralph’s failure. Piggy trying to preach the rules to everyone and Roger rolls a boulder at him and kills him. Ralph witnessed Piggy’s death and ran away. From this point on Ralph discovered through Piggy’s death, that it was useless trying to reason with Jack’s tribe. Ralph ran and hides from them. As a result, Ralph learned through Piggy’s mistakes and stayed alive. William Saroyan implies that a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey reveals with the statement. We can learn from mistakes and become a better person. The story takes place in a mental institution in the Pacific Northwest. The narrator of the novel is chief Bromden, also known as chief Broom; a half staff assumes is deaf and dumb. Randall Patrick McMurphy is a new patient who came from a work farm. He suggested a party, but got cought by the Big Nurse. He received a lobotomy. Chief learned from McMurphy. At the end, he escaped the hospital and returning to society to battle the combine. In both novels The Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey reveal the statement that we can learn from mistakes and become a better person. Both main characters learn from other mistakes and become a better person. How to cite Good People†¦ Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure, Papers

Ethical Issues in Cyber Crime for Verizon Data -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theEthical Issues in Cyber Crime for Verizon Data. Answer: Introduction Information and Communications Technology or ICT is the extension of IT or Information Technology. It acts as the unified communications with the amalgamation of various wireless signals and telephone lines with storage, software and audiovisual systems. It allows the users to manipulate, store, access and transmit various information (Niebuhr, 2013). In spite of providing a huge amount of benefit to the society, ICT has also welcomed several cyber attacks and security breaches in the modern technological world. These attacks and breaches are extremely dangerous for the cyber world. These breaches are also threat to ethical world. The following essay outlines a detailed description of the case study of Verizon Wireless of United States of America. This cyber crime took place in July 2017. This was absolutely non ethical for the cyber world. The essay provides the detailed discussion about the four classical theories of ethics. The case study is described with these four classical theories. Discussion Verizon Wireless Data Breach Verizon Wireless is the telecommunications organization of United States of America offering various wireless products and services. There was a leakage of data in the organization that caused a dangerous cyber attack ("Verizon customer information exposed in data breach", 2017). This was caused because of the partner of Verizon wireless. They did not take care of the data and the data was leaked in cloud. The reason for this cyber crime was the cloud-based repository files that was non configured. Data of approximately 14 million clients were leaked in the cloud. All of them were customers of Verizon. Utilitarianism Theory This is one of the four classical theories of ethics. The Utilitarianism Theory states that the best activity is that particular activity, which maximizes utility. This theory can be defined as the summation of satisfaction that can be obtained from a utility. This does not count the amount of suffering an individual has faced during that activity (Arntzenius, 2014). There are two types of utilitarianism to maximize the utility. They are the total utilitarianism and the average utilitarianism. These two assumptions are made on the utility of the situation that is, how much utilization can be obtained from that situation. In this particular case, Verizon Wireless has faced a cyber attack. The data of their clients were leaked in the cloud and the partner of Verizon did this. They have utilized the cloud server for leaking all the data. These data contained all the details about customers including the account name, pin numbers and all the confidential information. This is a non-ethica l act (Crimmins, 2017). The confidential data should not be breached at all. The partner of Verizon should be put behind bars and serious actions should be taken. The utilitarianism theory does not apply in this situation. The situation does not gain any utility and thus is non-ethical according to the four classical theories of ethics. Deontology Theory The Deontology Theory is the standard position in ethics, which takes the decision according to the morality of a particular activity that is based on the rules. This theory can also be defined as the ethics based on obligations and duties. The moral obligation forces an individual to act perfectly in any situation. This type of obligation depends on either internal or external sources (Chen Schonger, 2017). This theory focuses on the fact that a person should be morally ethical in nature no matter what situation arises. The external sources are the religious rules, universal rules, legal laws, whereas, the internal sources are the cultural and personal values. The internal sources mostly depend on the character of the individual, the surrounding where his upbringing has taken place and the lessons he has got from family, friends or acquaintances. In this particular case study of Verizon Wireless, the partner of Verizon leaked the data, which caused tremendous problems to both Veriz on and its customers. This is ethically wrong according to the Deontology theory of ethics (Lazar, 2017). The partner should not have leaked the data. All the customers have faced tremendous problems due to this leakage. Moreover, all the account details of the customers were leaked, this could have been a major problem in future for the customers. When an organization is dealing with its clients, it is the responsibility of that organization to give their customers a safe and secured surrounding. According to deontology theory of ethics, the partner of Verizon Wireless should have been morally ethical. It was their duty to protect the customers (Dewey, 2016). The opposite happened. They backed off from their duty. They leaked the data, which was ethically wrong, as well as a dangerous cyber crime. Virtue Theory This is third theory of the four classical theories of ethics. Virtue ethics is a type of ethics, which focuses on the character of an individual as the major component for ethical thinking. Virtue ethics states that when an individual taken an ethical decision or solves an ethical dilemma, he takes the decision from this own thinking (Van Hooft, 2014). This thinking is completely controlled by the character of the individual. If the individual is good from heart and has good character, he will definitely take a good decision. However, if the individual has a darker side, he might take a negative decision. In this case study, it is not known that why the partner of Verizon Wireless has leaked the data. There is a high chance that they did not take the decision from their heart and may have a strong reason (Audi, 2012). However, according to Virtue theory of four classical theories of ethics, they took the decision and since the character of the individual is the major component of fo r ethical thinking, it can be said that the partner of Verizon wireless does not have a ethical character. Contract Theory This is the fourth classical theory of ethics. According to this particular theory, the moal values of an individual depend on the presence of a contract (Fried, 2015). A contract is an agreement that brings out the ethical and moral regulations of an individual. Several individuals form the society. If the human beings will not behave properly and ethically, the society will not reach success and will not be able to meet its goals and objectives. The contract is a sign of motivation and ethics for all the employees of an organization. it promotes the values of ethics within all the employees (Niebuhr, 2013). In this case study, there was a contract between the organization and the clients of that organization. However, they were not able to protect the contract and thus was ethically wrong towards their clients. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that information and communications technology or acts as the unified communications with the amalgamation of various wireless signals and telephone lines with storage, software and audiovisual systems. It allows the users to manipulate, store, access and transmit various information. In spite of providing a huge amount of benefit to the society, ICT has also welcomed several cyber attacks and security breaches in the modern technological world. These attacks and breaches are extremely dangerous for the cyber world. These breaches are also threat to ethical world. The above essay focuses on the case study of Verizon Wireless organization. Data was breached and leaked in the cloud by the partner of Verizon. This is ethically wrong. The essay describes the case study with the help of the four classical theories of ethics. References Arntzenius, F. (2014). Utilitarianism, decision theory and eternity.Philosophical Perspectives,28(1), 31-58. Audi, R. (2012). Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(2), 273-291. Chen, D. L., Schonger, M. (2017). Social preferences or sacred values? theory and evidence of deontological motivations. Crimmins, J. E. (Ed.). (2017).The Bloomsbury encyclopedia of utilitarianism. Bloomsbury Publishing. Dewey, J. (2016).Ethics. Read Books Ltd. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Lazar, S. (2017). Deontological Decision Theory and Agent-Centered Options.Ethics,127(3), 579-609. Niebuhr, R. (2013).Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Westminster John Knox Press. Van Hooft, S. (2014).Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge. Verizon customer information exposed in data breach. (2017).Fox Business. Retrieved 13 September 2017, from https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2017/07/13/security-lapse-leaks-data-from-millions-verizon-customers.html